1.賓語(yǔ)從句：1.主句若是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，從句根據(jù)實(shí)際情況用適當(dāng)時(shí)態(tài)。He says (that) he will have a walk soon.
The teacherasks who is the cleverest in the school.
I want to know who came here late this morning.
2.主句若是一般過(guò)去時(shí)，從句也要用過(guò)去時(shí)。
He wondered if I would come. She told me that her son had got well.
She said that she liked watching TV. We thought Jim was wrong.
3.無(wú)論主句是何時(shí)態(tài)，從句若表客觀真理，要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。
Mr. Li said the moon is smaller than the earth.
4賓語(yǔ)從句無(wú)論有何引導(dǎo)詞，都要用陳述句語(yǔ)序。
Could you tell me when you will get back to Wuhan?（不是will you）
Do you know which sweater she is wearing? (不是is she)
2.狀語(yǔ)從句：1主句若是一般將來(lái)時(shí)、祈使句或含不表過(guò)去的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞等，則if(如果), unless(除非)，when(當(dāng)…的時(shí)候), as soon as(一…就…)，before, after, until, till, as(當(dāng)…的時(shí)候)所引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。
You may take a rest when you finish doing your work.
I will call you up if I leave for Shanghai next week.
Wait for your brother at the bus station until he arrives.
2而主句若是一般過(guò)去時(shí)，從句也要用過(guò)去時(shí)，如：
I would give the money to the charity if I had a million dollars.
When he got to the park, his classmates had left.
My son ran towards me as soon as he saw me on the street.
3.定語(yǔ)從句：關(guān)系代詞who只指人，which只指物。that既可指人又可指物。whose 后必須跟有名詞，既指人，也可指物。關(guān)系詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，不可省略，作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可省略。whom只指人，只作賓語(yǔ)。關(guān)系副詞where指“在那里”，when指“在那時(shí)”。
She is a girl who/that is beauti l and kind-hearted.
She is a girl (who/whom/that) I know very well.
That boy whosehair is very long is my brother. (所屬)
The girl whois tall is my sister. / I own a bike whoseprice is high.
I bought a watch (which/that) I paid 100 yuan for. （指物）
I prefer a place which/thatis clean and quiet.
I prefer a place whereI can live a quiet life. （在這兒）
I shall never forget the day whena boy helped me find my dog.
4.wish和hope:1wish可接to do sth. /sb to do sth. /that從句.
I wish to spend my summer holiday in Qingdao.
I wish youto join my party this Sunday.
I wish (that) I could be a scientist.
2hope接to do sth. 或that從句. 但不接sb to do sth.
I hope to receive a letter from you some day.
I hope (that) everything goes well. /I hope you will get well soon.
5.thanks for和thanks to: Thanks for your helping me with the work.
(表達(dá)對(duì)對(duì)方為自己做了某事的感謝，后無(wú)補(bǔ)充的結(jié)果。)
Thanks to your suggestion, I didn’t make such mistakes.
(表達(dá)感謝由于某方所做的有利的事，出現(xiàn)了后面的結(jié)果。)
6.感官動(dòng)詞用法之一：see, hear, listen to, watch, notice, feel等詞，后接賓語(yǔ)，再接動(dòng)詞原形/ 動(dòng)詞ing, 分別表示全過(guò)程和正在進(jìn)行。句中有頻率詞時(shí)，以上的詞也常跟動(dòng)詞原形。
I heard someone knocking at the door when I fell asleep. (正進(jìn)行)
I heard someone knock at the door three times. (聽(tīng)的是全過(guò)程)
I often watch my classmates play volleyball after school. (頻率詞)
若以上詞用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，后面原有動(dòng)詞原形改為帶to不定式：
We saw him go into the restaurant with his wife. →
He was seen to go into the restaurant with his wife.
7.感官動(dòng)詞用法之二：look, sound, smell, taste, feel可當(dāng)系動(dòng)詞，后接形容詞。He looks . It sounds good. The flowers smell beauti l. The sweets taste sweet. The silk feels soft. I felt tired.
這些動(dòng)詞不用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。The sweets are tasted sweet.是錯(cuò)誤的。
注意：如果加介詞like, 則后不可接形容詞，而接名詞或代詞：
He looks like his mother. That sounds like a good idea.
It smells like a flower. It tastes like salt.
8.find和think部分用法: + 賓語(yǔ) + 賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。(代替賓從)
賓補(bǔ)有以下情況：1.名詞短語(yǔ)，John found his son a clever boy.
2.形容詞短語(yǔ)，Mrs. Smith thinks her husband kind of lazy.
3.有時(shí)賓補(bǔ)后可接帶to不定式，I found it hard to fool the girl.
9.would like/want/feel like: 1 would like，和want類(lèi)似：◇都可接名詞短語(yǔ)：I would like/ want another three desks. ◇都可接帶to 不定式：I would like/ want to go out for a walk. ◇都可接sb,然后再跟帶to 不定式: I would like you to give me a hand.
2 feel like: ◇后也可接名詞短語(yǔ)：Do you feel like some tea?
◇后若接動(dòng)詞，須用動(dòng)詞ing形式：Do you feel like having a walk? I don’t feel like drinking tea.【feel like常用于疑問(wèn)句或否定句中�！�
10.詞序易錯(cuò)的短語(yǔ)：1 形容詞修飾不定代詞或不定副詞，形容詞在后面。Is there anything delicious in the fridge?
Nothing serious. There is something wrong with the computer.
I want to go somewhere warm.
2 else修飾疑問(wèn)詞和不定代詞、不定副詞，也放在后面。
What else can you see in the picture? Who else is in the room?
Do you have anything else to say? Where else can you see it?
3 enough修飾形容詞和副詞，enough 放在后面。
This sweater is cheap enough. Nemo is old enough to work.
He ran fast enough to catch up with the dog.
11.對(duì)“評(píng)價(jià)”、“天氣”的提問(wèn)之區(qū)別：1What do you think of …?=
How do you like …? “你對(duì)…怎么看？”(How…?句中有l(wèi)ike，是動(dòng)詞。) 2What’s the weather like in…? = How is the weather in…?“…的天氣什么樣?”(What…?句中有l(wèi)ike，是介詞“像”。)
12.take, cost, pay, spend區(qū)別：
1 It + take + sb + some time + to do sth.
It took us half an hour to cut down the tree.
2 物+cost+sb+錢(qián): The bag cost me thirty yuan. (cost, cost, cost)
若cost后無(wú)sb, 則譯作“價(jià)錢(qián)是”：The bag costs 30 Yuan.
3 人+ pay +sb + 錢(qián)+ for sth: I paid the seller 200 Yuan for the bike. (pay, paid, paid). (pay后所加內(nèi)容可視具體情況取舍。)
4 人 + spend + 時(shí)間/ 錢(qián) + on sth / (in) doing sth.
The girl spent two hours (in) searching the Internet.
The girl always spends much money on her clothes.
spend 有時(shí)可指“度過(guò)”：spend holiday/ weekends/ winter
13.雙賓結(jié)構(gòu)：pass/ give/ teach/ offer/ lend/ send/ sell/ call/ show/buy/
ask/ tell/ build等可加雙賓結(jié)構(gòu)。即后接sb + sth.
其中pass, give, offer, lend, send, sell, show等可接sth + to sb.
buy, build等可接sth + for sb.
另外，若sth是代詞時(shí)，不用雙賓結(jié)構(gòu)。Please pass it to me.
14.部分詞作連詞與介詞：（連詞接句子，介詞接名詞或代詞）
Keep care l when you are listening to the teacher. （連詞）
Keep care l when listening to the teacher. （介詞）
類(lèi)似的，while, than, before, after, as, since, until等。
如：I’ll wait until I hear from her. （連詞）
I’ll wait until next Friday. （介詞）
15.動(dòng)詞ed與動(dòng)詞ing作形容詞用法之一: 1. 動(dòng)詞ed作形容詞：表示被動(dòng)或已發(fā)生,常作定語(yǔ)。The boy named Peter is my friend.
那個(gè)叫做彼得的男孩是我的朋友。劃線(xiàn)部分起修飾作用，下同。
He’s eating fried chicken. 他在吃炸雞。There is no time left.
I have read a novel writtenby Lu Xun.我讀了一部魯迅寫(xiě)的小說(shuō)。
He lives in a house builttwenty years ago.
2. 動(dòng)詞ing作形容詞：表示正進(jìn)行或功能，常作定語(yǔ)。
the ing boy, a running bus, the rising sun, a bus running on the road, the boy ing in the corner (正進(jìn)行)
a sitting room, the sleeping car, the bathing suit (功能)
16.動(dòng)詞ed與動(dòng)詞ing作形容詞用法之二：和心理感受有關(guān)，但ed修飾人，ing常修飾物。I felt surprised at his words.
How exciting the film is! / I want to go to a place which is relaxing.
17.動(dòng)詞ing和帶to不定式作主語(yǔ)：
To be a teacher is my dream. Working hard brings you success.
Taking care of our environment is very important.
To plant trees makes me happy. （謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)）
Reading books gives you knowledge. (謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù))
Listening and writing are both difficult. (謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù))
18.later / after / ago /before: 1later“…時(shí)間后”結(jié)構(gòu)：時(shí)間段+later
常用于一般過(guò)去時(shí)。They went to Beijing five days later.
(later單獨(dú)在句尾，常用于將來(lái)時(shí)：I’ll see you later.)
2after“…時(shí)間后”結(jié)構(gòu)：after+時(shí)間段，常用于一般過(guò)去時(shí)，和1相同。They went to Beijing after five days.
(after也可加句子：I’ll send you an e-mail after I get home. He found out the information after he had searched the Internet for thirty minutes.)
3ago“…時(shí)間前”結(jié)構(gòu)：時(shí)間段+ago, 用于一般過(guò)去時(shí)。The Greens moved to Shanghai four weeks ago.
(since +時(shí)間段+ago，主句用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí))
4before 單獨(dú)放在句尾，常用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：“以前”
I have been to London before. He has seen the film before.
(若是時(shí)間段+before, 則常用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，譯為“…時(shí)間前”：
I had seen the film two weeks before. We had found out the answer to the problem an hour before.)
19.四季：spring春；summer夏；autumn秋；winter冬；season季
20.月：January, 一月；February, 二月；March, 三月；April, 四月；
May, 五月；June, 六月；July, 七月；August, 八月；September, 九
月；October, 十月；November, 十一月；December, 十二月。
21.星期：Sunday, 星期日；Monday, 星期一；Tuesday, 星期二；
Wednesday, 星期三；Thursday, 星期四；Friday, 星期五；
Saturday, 星期六。Sunday為第一天，Saturday為最后一天。
22.“也”：either, 用于否定句的末尾。also, 通常挨著動(dòng)詞，少用于句尾。too, 通常在句尾，前常有逗號(hào)。as well, 只用于句尾。
注意：后三個(gè)詞都不用于否定句。
23.帶to不定式用法之一：帶to不定式有邏輯賓語(yǔ)在前時(shí)，to后動(dòng)詞用及物動(dòng)詞，不及物時(shí)需加介詞。The apples are too tall for the boy to reach. /The zoo is not a good place for animals to live in.
24.(a) little / (a) few: 1few，little“幾乎沒(méi)有；少”否定詞。few加可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù), little加不可數(shù)名詞。2a few“一些”肯定詞，加可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù); a little“一些；一點(diǎn)”也是肯定詞，加不可數(shù)名詞。3另外，在too, very, so等詞后用few, little; 在only, just, still等詞后用a few, a little. 而quite a few/ a little譯為“很多”
25.及物動(dòng)詞+副詞：put on/off/away/up/down/out; break off/down;
turn on/off/up/down; get back; use up; give away/out/up/back; try out/on; ring/call up; let down; clean up/out; set up; think up; hand in/out; fix up; work out; ;dress up;pick up; help out;
keep off/out/down cut down; write down; wake up(叫醒);
take off/away; sell out; look up/over; eat up; throw away/off
賓語(yǔ)是名詞時(shí)，可放在中間或后邊，是代詞時(shí)只放在中間。
26.as……as用法：1和…一樣… His room is as big as mine.
He runs as fast as I /me. 2as…as possible/sb can “盡可能…”
We went there as soon as possible.我們盡可能快地去了那兒。 Listen to the teacher as carefully you can. 3有些短語(yǔ)有幾個(gè)意思：as soon as 和…一樣快；一…就…；as much as和…一樣多；多達(dá)；as long as和…一樣長(zhǎng)；長(zhǎng)達(dá)；只要；as well as和…一樣好；和…一樣；as far as遠(yuǎn)達(dá)；就…來(lái)說(shuō)；
27.prefer用法：prefer sth/doing sth to sth/doing sth比起…更喜歡…
prefer to do sth rather than do sth寧愿…也不愿…
prefer to do sth / prefer doing sth 更喜歡做某事
28. some-, any-, every-用法：1some-“某～，一些～”，用于肯定的陳述句中。I have something to tell you. Maybe somebody has taken it. 若用于疑問(wèn)句中表示期待對(duì)方肯定的回答或表示請(qǐng)求或建議. Why not ask somebody to help you? Shall we give him something to eat? What about some milk? Could you please lend me some chairs? 2any-, 在疑問(wèn)句中仍譯為“某～，一些～”Do you have anything to say？Is anybody in the house？在肯定句和否定句中譯為“任何～”You may put the box anywhere in the room. He is taller than any other student in the class. We don’t have anything to eat this morning. 3every-“每～”，強(qiáng)調(diào)所有，既包括此也包括彼。Is everybody here？-No，Tom and Lucy have asked for leave. The glass was broken, and the water went everywhere.
29.動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)和形式：八個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)：一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)(am/is/are + v.ing)、一般將來(lái)時(shí)(will/shall/be going to+動(dòng)詞原形)、一般過(guò)去時(shí)、過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)(was/were +v.ing)、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)(have/has + v. 過(guò)去分詞)、過(guò)去完成時(shí)(had + v. 過(guò)去分詞)、過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)(would + v. 原形) 六個(gè)形式：原形；過(guò)去式；過(guò)去分詞；第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù)(加s/es)；現(xiàn)在分詞(v.ing)；帶to不定式。
30.if/whether區(qū)別：if 如果(引導(dǎo)條件狀從) / 是否(引導(dǎo)賓從)
whether無(wú)論(引導(dǎo)讓步狀從) / 是否(引導(dǎo)賓從)
都譯為“是否”時(shí)，whether可接or not, 也可接帶to不定式。
if 則不可。另外，if可接any-單詞，常不接some-單詞。
If you have any water, please give me some.
31.因?yàn)椋篵ecause, 常是對(duì)why的回答，語(yǔ)氣最強(qiáng)。
since, 位置：Since…，…. Since it’s already late, I must go now.
for, 位置：…，for….語(yǔ)氣最弱。I drove carefully, for it’s snowing.
as有時(shí)也指“因?yàn)?rdquo;，用法基本無(wú)限制。
32.表推測(cè)：must, may, might, can, could, can’t
must“一定”，可能性最大，常用于肯定句。
There is the door bell, it must be Tom.
may / might“也許”一般用于肯定句， may比might可能性大。
She is coming to us. She might be our new teacher.
can / could“可能”could比can語(yǔ)氣更委婉。但can多用于否定。
You could be right, but I don’t think you are.
The light in the office is off. The teacher can’t be there now.
33.so與such區(qū)別：so是副詞，后跟形容詞/副詞，so tall/slowly…
such是形容詞，后跟名詞短語(yǔ)。such bad weather / good news…;
such a beautiful girl / an important lesson / a heavy stone…;
such kind boys / new desks / friendly people / amazing movies…;
若名詞前形容詞是many, much, few, little時(shí)，不用such, 而用so.
so many flowers / much rain / few friends / little water…
也常有“so / such …that…”句型，譯為“如此…以致于…”。
34.so的另兩個(gè)用法：1so + be/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞/助動(dòng)詞+主語(yǔ)，“…也”
上下文所指不是同一個(gè)人或物。The twins are working, so am I.
I will stay up tonight, and so will Peter.
以及對(duì)話(huà)形式：A: I woke up late this morning. B: So did I.
2so + 主語(yǔ) + be/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞/助動(dòng)詞，“的確…是”上下文所指是同一個(gè)人或物。A: We have lunch at school. B: So you do.
又如：A: Bruce can work out the problem. B: So he can.
35.neither/nor用法之一：neither/nor+ be/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞/助動(dòng)詞+主語(yǔ)
“…也不”上文是否定句。She didn’t get well, nor did her brother.
或?qū)υ?huà)形式：A: Jim hasn’t had breakfast. B: Neither have I.
36.keep, make, get,have用法：
1keep + sb/sth doing sth “讓…一直做…” I’m sorry for keeping you waiting so long. keep + doing sth “堅(jiān)持做某事”
2make + sb/sth do sth讓…做某事I’ll try to make you understand what I mean. I feel sorry that I have made him wait for long.
3get + sb/sth to do sth.讓…做某事。He got Peter to buy him a pen.
4have + 賓語(yǔ)+ 動(dòng)詞原形 /ing /過(guò)去分詞
Have him do it, please.讓他做它吧。We had the machine working.
我們讓那臺(tái)機(jī)器一直工作著。We had the machine repaired.我們讓人修理了那臺(tái)機(jī)器（讓那臺(tái)機(jī)器被修理了）。
5也都可接形容詞：keep safe/busy, keep the door closed/open,
make us happy, get the door closed, have everything ready.
37.used短語(yǔ)：used to + 動(dòng)原，“過(guò)去常常”He used to smoke.
be used to 譯為“被用來(lái)…”，后接動(dòng)原。It is used to cut things.
be used to 譯為“習(xí)慣于…”，后接動(dòng)詞ing或名詞/代詞.
如：He’s used to working late. / We are all used to following others.
be used for + 目的（名詞或動(dòng)詞ing）如：
English is used for business./Knives are used for cutting things.
38. through/past/across: 都可作介詞，“穿過(guò)”前常有位移動(dòng)詞。
He climbed through the window and saw what he could take away.
He went past me without saying any words.
He swam across the river. 【through,內(nèi)部; past,旁邊; across,表面�！�
位移動(dòng)詞+ past 相當(dāng)于動(dòng)詞pass; 位移動(dòng)詞+across相當(dāng)于cross.
39.the number of / a number of: 前者“…的數(shù)量”；后者“許多的”
都跟可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)。前者作主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)；后者作主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)。The number of the trees is two thousand. 用單數(shù)is.
A number of trees have been cut down.用復(fù)數(shù)have.
40.延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞：How long，since，for，(以上見(jiàn)84）until/till等所在肯定句中的主句謂語(yǔ)要用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。
How long may I keep this novel? I’ve lived here since 2002.
Let’s wait until he comes back.. 但否定句中可用短暫性動(dòng)詞：
I haven’t seen you for a long time.
41.all/each/both/none/either/neither:
1All boys/All of the boys are from China. all 接可數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)，謂語(yǔ)也用復(fù)數(shù)。All of the water is polluted. 若接不可數(shù)，謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)。
2Each boy/Each of the boys has a different bag. each接名詞單數(shù)或接of + 限定詞+復(fù)數(shù)，后謂語(yǔ)都用單數(shù)。
3Both of the twins are clever. 后面謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)。
4None of the students has/have been there before.
none +of +限定詞+復(fù)數(shù), 謂語(yǔ)用單、復(fù)數(shù)都可。另見(jiàn)88
5-When shall we meet, Saturday or Sunday?
-Either day is OK. / Either of the days is OK. 謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)。
6-When shall we meet, Saturday or Sunday?
-Sorry, I have to look after my mother these two days. That is, neither time is OK. / neither of the days is OK. 謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)。
all/each/none分別指三者或更多中的“都”/ “每一個(gè)”/“沒(méi)有一個(gè)”。both/either/neither兩者中“都”/“任何一個(gè)”/“沒(méi)有一個(gè)”
42.計(jì)量表達(dá)法：數(shù)量+單位+形容詞。
The building is twenty meters tall./ The street is forty meters wide.
The fish is five kilos heavy./ This baby is only six months old.
若計(jì)量表達(dá)的后面跟有名詞，則要用連字符，單位不用復(fù)數(shù)。
They dug an eight-meter-deep hole. /. I bought a 10-kilo-heavy fish.
It’s a piece of 2-meter-thick ice. / They built a 50-meter-wide street.
It’s a two-month holiday. (此處計(jì)量中的形容詞long可省略。)
43. Must I / May I / Need I …? 用法：1Must I …?我必須…嗎？
A: Must I finish the work? B: Yes, you must. / No, you needn’t.
2May I …?我可以…嗎？A: May I go out for a walk now?
B: Yes, you can. / No, you mustn’t/can’t.
3Need I…?我有必要…嗎？
A: Need I clean the house? B: Yes, you must. / No, you needn’t.
44.hundred/thousand/million/billion: 前有具體數(shù)字，不加s及of. 否則加s, 加of. 如：thousands of trees; many millions of people.
nine hundred people, ten thousand students等。但前若有several,后常不加s和of：several million pounds
45.反意疑問(wèn)句(QT)部分用法:1something, nothing, anything, everything作主語(yǔ)，QT主語(yǔ)用it.
Something is wrong, isn’t it? / Nothing is difficult, is it?
2I think Lucy can do well in the exam, can’t she?
I don’t think he will come here on time, will he?
QT要結(jié)合think后的從句而定。
3祈使句的QT一般用will you? 而Let’s …用shall we?
Get up now, will you? Don’t be noisy, will you?
Be quiet, will you? Please don’t talk, will you?
Let us do it now, will you? Let’s do it now, shall we?
4There be句型，QT主語(yǔ)用there.
There is a man working in the field, isn’tthere?
There used to be a meeting on Friday, didn’tthere?
There won’t be a movie in the theatre, willthere?
46.put on, wear, dress, in: 1put on,“穿上”后接物。表行為，是短暫動(dòng)詞。You should put on your coat when you leave.
2wear,“穿，穿著”后接物，表狀態(tài)，是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。He always wears the yellow sweater in winter. /I like wearing beautiful clothes.
3dress, “給…穿衣”后接人。You can dress yourself, baby.
Lucy is dressing her little brother now.
be dressed in后常接具有某種特征的衣物。
The lady is dressed in a white skirt / white. 可直接加表顏色的詞。
4in, “穿著”后接具有某種特征的衣物，表狀態(tài)，是介詞，不可作謂語(yǔ)，可作狀語(yǔ)。The woman in a white skirt is my teacher.
Do you know the girl in a red coat? I’ve seen the boy in yellow.
47.虛擬語(yǔ)氣部分用法：在非真實(shí)條件句中要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，即if 從句中用一般過(guò)去時(shí)，而主句動(dòng)詞用would/should+動(dòng)詞原形，表示與現(xiàn)在相反的主觀設(shè)想，也可以表示在說(shuō)話(huà)人看來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)的可能性很小的情況。（注意：虛擬語(yǔ)氣中的be動(dòng)詞都要用were.）
If there were no air, people would die. (與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反)
If I got rich, I would travel around the world. (可能性很小)
48.other/others/the other/the others/another:
1如果不特定指出哪一個(gè)，是泛指，“另一個(gè)”要用another, 后加可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)。If you are still thirsty, you may have another cup of tea. （沒(méi)特定指出哪一杯茶，是泛指。cup是單數(shù)。）
another也可+數(shù)字+可數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)：The meeting will last another two hours. / We need another six desks.
2如果只有兩個(gè)或只有兩部分，就給出了范圍，其中另一個(gè)或另一部分是特指 (other前有the.)，有如下用法：
第一種，所說(shuō)內(nèi)容只有兩個(gè)：
Mrs. Green has two sons, one is interested in math, the other (one / son) is good at science. 【只有兩個(gè)，用the other, 不加s, 后面名詞可省略�！� 又如：This pair of shoes is strange. One is blue, yet the other is green. 這雙鞋子很怪，一只藍(lán)色，而另一只綠色。
第二種，只有兩部分：此種情況下the other后接可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)，或不接名詞而只在the other后加s. Two fifths of the students in our class are boys, the other students are girls / the others are girls. Two children went, but the others stayed. （其他孩子都留下了。）
3如果沒(méi)有顯示出只有兩部分，未給出范圍，則是泛指，不加the.
Lei Feng liked helping other people / others.
Have you any other questions?
Alice didn’t like that dress, so she asked to see some others.
4other的另一用法：用比較級(jí)的形式，體現(xiàn)最高級(jí)的含義。
He is taller than any other boy in his class. (劃線(xiàn)中boy用單數(shù)) =
He is taller than all the other boys in his class. (劃線(xiàn)中boy用復(fù)數(shù))
他比班里任何男孩都高（他是班里男孩中最高的）。
49.how long/how often/how soon/how far: 1how long 是對(duì)長(zhǎng)度或時(shí)間段提問(wèn)。How long is the river? -It’s 5,000 kilometers long.
How long have you lived there? -For five months. / Since 2002.
2how often是對(duì)頻率提問(wèn)，如：never, sometimes, often, usually, always, once a week, twice a day, three times a year, every day等。
How often do you watch TV? -Every two days. / Twice a week.
【若只有次數(shù)，則用how many times 提問(wèn)：
How many times do you watch TV a week? -Twice. / only once.】
3how soon 是對(duì)“in + 時(shí)間段”提問(wèn)：
How soon will you return to Beijing? -In a week./ In two days.
4how far是對(duì)時(shí)間段’s + walk/ride/drive或計(jì)量表達(dá)提問(wèn)。
-How far is it from your home to the school?
-Five minutes’ walk. /An hour’s ride. /Thirteen minutes’ drive.
或者說(shuō)：It’s about 20 kilometers (far) away. （問(wèn)和回答不同。）
50.分?jǐn)?shù)表達(dá)：二分之一: half a/an 或a half. 如：
half an hour= a half hour半小時(shí) It’s half past seven.(省略冠詞)
以下情況中，分子(基數(shù)詞)若超過(guò)一，分母(序數(shù)詞)需加s：
三分之一: a /one third 三分之二: two thirds
四分之一: a/one fourth 或a/one quarter
四分之三: three fourths或three quarters.
五分之一: a/one fifth 五分之二: two fifths 其它類(lèi)推。
若分?jǐn)?shù)所在of短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)依of后的名詞而定：
Two fifths of the students are on time. (指名詞復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，謂用復(fù)) Two fifths of the land is polluted. （指不可數(shù)時(shí)，謂用單）
51.到達(dá)：1get to + 地點(diǎn) get to Shanghai/London/China
接地點(diǎn)副詞時(shí)，不帶to. get there/home/here.
2arrive in+大地點(diǎn)(Beijing/Zhengzhou)，arrive at+小地點(diǎn)(school/hospital)， arrive只作不及物動(dòng)詞。所以也可單獨(dú)用：Please ring me up when you arrive.
reach只作及物動(dòng)詞，后直接加地點(diǎn)：reach Beijing/England
但常不說(shuō)reach home/there/here.
52.感嘆句：What + 名詞短語(yǔ)+主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)！
What lazy boys (they are)! What hard work! What good news!
What a good idea! What bad weather (it is)! What a pity!
How +形容詞 / 副詞+ 主語(yǔ)+ 謂語(yǔ)！
How hard the work is! How fast he runs! How rude you are!
How carefully they are listening! How bad the weather is!
53.because/ instead / out等與加of的區(qū)別：
1because 后接句子，because of 接名詞或代詞。
He didn’t come because he was ill. / because of his illness.
2instead是副詞，單獨(dú)在句尾。instead of 還要接名詞或代詞。
We didn’t have rice, we had noodles instead. / instead of it.
3out 副詞，可單獨(dú)用，但若接地點(diǎn)，先加of.（也可作介詞，
“向…外”，可不加of. 一般不要求掌握。)
He went out early.或He went out of the house early.
54.too much, too many與much too:
much too“過(guò)于”，加形容詞或副詞原級(jí)。much too big/slowly等。
too much“太多的”，加不可數(shù)名詞。too much work/rain等。
too many“太多的”，加可數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)。too many books/people等。
55. alone / lonely: 1alone,“獨(dú)自一人；單獨(dú)”不含感情色彩。
可當(dāng)形容詞，但只在系動(dòng)詞后作表語(yǔ)：Jack is alone. 杰克是單身。
The old woman is alone in the house. 那位老婦一個(gè)人在屋里。
可當(dāng)副詞，修飾動(dòng)詞：She lives alone. 她獨(dú)居。
Can you move the stone alone? 你能獨(dú)自搬動(dòng)那塊兒石頭嗎？
Dick is walking on the beach alone. 狄克獨(dú)自在海灘漫步。
�。ㄗ⒁猓翰豢烧f(shuō)very alone. 但可說(shuō)very much alone. 是特例）
2lonely, “孤獨(dú)的；寂寞的”帶有傷感色彩。只當(dāng)形容詞。
可在系動(dòng)詞后作表語(yǔ)：The old man is lonely.這位老人是孤獨(dú)的。
He has many relatives, but he feels lonely. 他有很多親戚，但感到孤獨(dú)。（lonely 和心理感受有關(guān)，而alone和心理感受無(wú)關(guān)。）
也可在名詞前作定語(yǔ)：a lonely person一位孤獨(dú)的人
a lonely village一個(gè)偏僻的村莊 （alone不可作定語(yǔ)）
56.belong to與be: This suit belongs to me /Lucy /my brother. (人)
This suit is mine /Lucy’s /my brother’s /hers. （某物是某人的）
57.by常見(jiàn)用法：1“通過(guò)”I study English by memorizing grammar. You can know it by looking it up in a dictionary. He travels by bike.
2“截止到”Will you finish the task by tomorrow?
The train had left by the time he got there.
3“被”This novel was written by Lu Xun.
4“經(jīng)過(guò)”He passed by me without noticing me.
5“在……旁邊”Sit by me. They are playing by the river.
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