來(lái)源:網(wǎng)絡(luò) 作者:匿名 2009-11-04 15:53:29
一、概說(shuō)
狀語(yǔ)從句即指在主從復(fù)合句用作狀語(yǔ)的從句。按照其意義,狀語(yǔ)從句可分為時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句、地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句、原因狀語(yǔ)從句、目的狀語(yǔ)從句、結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句、條件狀語(yǔ)從句、讓步狀語(yǔ)從句等。狀語(yǔ)從句是高中英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)中的一個(gè)語(yǔ)法重點(diǎn),也是歷年高考重點(diǎn)考查的內(nèi)容之一。學(xué)習(xí)狀語(yǔ)從句主要應(yīng)注意引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句的從屬連詞的用法與區(qū)別,以及從屬連詞在一定的語(yǔ)言環(huán)境中的意義與用法。
二、時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句
1. 引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句的從屬連詞很多,常見(jiàn)的有before, after, when, while, as, since, till, until, as soon as 等。
2. 表示“當(dāng)…時(shí)候”的 while, when, as 的用法區(qū)別是:while從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞必須是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞;表示帶有規(guī)律性的“每當(dāng)”或當(dāng)主、從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作發(fā)生有先后時(shí),只能用 when;當(dāng)表示“一邊…一邊…”或“隨著”時(shí),只能用 as。另外,用于此義的 as 所引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句謂語(yǔ)只能是動(dòng)作動(dòng)詞,不能是狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞。如下面一道高考題的答案是 B 而不能是A:
“I’m going to the post office.” “_____ you’re there, can you get me some stamps?”
A. As B. While C. Because D. If
3. until 在肯定句中通常只連用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞,表示相應(yīng)動(dòng)作結(jié)束的時(shí)間;在否定句中通常連用非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞,表示相應(yīng)動(dòng)作開(kāi)始的時(shí)間,意為“直到…才”。如:
He waited until she was about to leave. 他等著一直到她準(zhǔn)備離開(kāi)。
I did not begin to work till he had gone. 他走了后我才開(kāi)始工作。
4. 表示“一…就”除用 as soon as 外,還可用 the minute, the second, the instant, immediately, directly, instantly, no sooner…than, hardly…when 等。如:
I came immediately you called. 你一來(lái)電話我就來(lái)了。
Hardly had she arrived when it began to snow. 她剛到就下起雪來(lái)了。
The moment I have finished I'll give you a call. 我一干完就給你打電話。
5. every time, each time, (the) next time, (the) last time, by the time, the first time, any time 等以 time 結(jié)尾的詞語(yǔ)也可用作連詞,引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。如:
Next time you come in, please close the door. 下次你進(jìn)來(lái),請(qǐng)關(guān)門。
He didn’t tell me anything the last time I saw him. 上次我見(jiàn)到他時(shí)他什么也沒(méi)告訴我。
By the time I got home, she had already gone to bed. 我到家時(shí)她已睡覺(jué)了。
三、條件狀語(yǔ)從句
1. 引導(dǎo)條件狀語(yǔ)從句的從屬連詞主要有 if, unless, as [so] long as等。如:
Don’t come unless I telephone. 除非我打電話,否則你別來(lái)。
If you watch carefully you will see how to do it. 如果你仔細(xì)瞧你會(huì)看出該怎樣做。
As long as you do your best, we’ll be happy. 只要你盡力,我們就滿意了。
2. in case 也可引導(dǎo)條件狀語(yǔ)從句,其意為“如果”、“萬(wàn)一”。如:
In case I forget, please remind me about it. 如果我忘了,請(qǐng)?zhí)嵝盐摇?/p>
四、讓步狀語(yǔ)從句
1. 引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句的從屬連詞主要有 although, though, however (=no matter how), even if(即使), whether…or(不論…還是)等連詞。如:
The speech is good, though it could be better. 這次演講不錯(cuò),雖然還可以再好一點(diǎn)。
He went out even though it was raining. 盡管下雨,他還是出去了。
2. as 也可引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句,但要將名詞、形容詞或副詞等提到 as 前,若提前的是單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞,要省略 a / an。如:
Teacher as he is, he can’t know everything. 雖然是老師,他也不可能什么都懂。
3. 連詞 while 有時(shí)也可表示“盡管”、“雖然”,引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句。如:
While we don’t agree we continue to be friends. 盡管我們意見(jiàn)不同,我們還是朋友。
4. whatever, whoever, however, whenever, wherever 等引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句。如:
Don’t lose heart whatever you do. 不管你做什么,都不要灰心。
Whoever you are, you can’t pass this way. 不管你是誰(shuí),你都不能從這里通過(guò)。
注:表示“雖然”的 though, although 不可與 but 連用,但可與 yet, still 連用。
五、原因狀語(yǔ)從句
1. 引導(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句的從屬連詞主要有because, as, since, seeing (that), now (that)等:
They can’t have gone out because the light’s on. 他們不可能出去了,因?yàn)闊暨亮著。
Since you are going, I will go. 既然你去,我也去。
Now that we are alone, we can speak freely. 現(xiàn)在我們單獨(dú)在一起,可以隨便談了。
2. 除以上提到的大家比較熟悉的引導(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句的從屬連詞外,when有時(shí)也可引導(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句,其意“既然”。如:
I can’t tell you when you won't listen. 既然你不想聽(tīng),我就不告訴你了。
3. 有關(guān)原因狀語(yǔ)從句還應(yīng)注意以下幾點(diǎn):
(1) as 與 since, now that 一樣表示雙方都知道的原因,通常位于主句前,且均不可用于強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)被強(qiáng)調(diào)。
(2) 當(dāng)表示直接的因果關(guān)系,回答 why 時(shí),或有 only, just, all, partly, not, but 等副詞修飾時(shí),或用在強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)中都只能用 because。
(3) for 有時(shí)也可引出表示原因的分句,但它只能位于后面,對(duì)前一分句加以解釋或推斷。
(4) 不要受漢語(yǔ)意思影響將表示“因?yàn)?rdquo;的連詞與表示“所以”的 so 連用。
六、地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句
引導(dǎo)地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句的從屬連詞主要有where (在…的地方), wherever(無(wú)論什么地方), everywhere(每個(gè)…地方), anywhere(任何…地方)。如:
I’m not living where I was. 我不在原處住了。
You can’t camp where [wherever, anywhere] you like these days. 如今你可不能隨便在哪兒宿營(yíng)。
Everywhere I go, I find the same thing. 不管我走到哪里,我都發(fā)現(xiàn)同樣情況。
2. 有的同學(xué)認(rèn)為地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句在平時(shí)見(jiàn)得不多,誤認(rèn)為考試不會(huì)涉及,但恰恰相反,地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句卻是英語(yǔ)考試經(jīng)?疾榈囊粋(gè)知識(shí)點(diǎn)。請(qǐng)看以下考題:
(1) When you read the book, you’d better make a mark _____ you have any questions.
A. at which B. at where C. the place where D. where
(2) After the war, a new school building was put up _____ there had once been a theatre.
A. that B. where C. which D. when
(3) You should make it a rule to leave things _____ you can find them again.
A. when B. where C. then D. there
(4) She found her calculator ______ she lost it.
A. where B. when C. in which D. that
以上四題均選where,其意為“在…的地方”,用以引導(dǎo)地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句。
七、目的狀語(yǔ)從句
1. 引導(dǎo)目的狀語(yǔ)從句的從屬連詞主要有 in order that, so that, in case, for fear等。如:
I hired a boat so that I could go fishing. 我租了一條船去釣魚。
Take your coat in case it rains (should rain). 帶著雨衣以防下雨。
He studied hard in order that he could pass the exam. 他努力學(xué)習(xí),是為了能通過(guò)考試。
2. 引導(dǎo)目的狀語(yǔ)從句的 so that 有時(shí)可省so 或 that,即單獨(dú)用 so 或 that 來(lái)引導(dǎo)目的狀語(yǔ)從句。如:
Check carefully, so any mistake will be caught. 仔細(xì)檢查,以便任何錯(cuò)誤都可檢查出。
Bring it closer that I might see it better. 拿近些,使我能看得清楚些。
八、結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句
引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句的從屬連詞主要有so that, so…that, such…that等。如:
He was so angry that he couldn't speak. 他氣得話都說(shuō)不出來(lái)。
He shut the window with such force that the glass broke. 他關(guān)窗子用力很大,結(jié)果玻璃震破了。
注:so…that和such…that中的that有時(shí)(尤其在口語(yǔ)中)可省略。
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