句子的種類(lèi)
1．英語(yǔ)中按使用目的或功用分為四類(lèi)：陳述句、疑問(wèn)句、祈使句、感嘆句。
A．陳述句。
○1 陳述句說(shuō)明一個(gè)事實(shí)或陳述一個(gè)人的看法。陳述句分為肯定陳述句和否定陳述句兩種。
a．陳述句的肯定式。I have already posted the photos. / They are students. / I must go now . / He was reading a book at 8:00 last night.
b．陳述句的否定形式。
�。�1）謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是系動(dòng)詞be, 助動(dòng)詞have, will, shall, be或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，只須在其后面加not構(gòu)成否定句。
She isn't a student . / He hasn't been to the Great Wall . / I can not swim . / You will not go there tomorrow. / They aren't sleeping .
（2）若謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞，在實(shí)義動(dòng)詞前加上do not，第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù)現(xiàn)在時(shí)用does not，過(guò)去時(shí)用did not。
He didn't send me an invitation .
（3）由具有否定含義的詞never, nobody, hardly, little, dislike, seldom, few, too…to等構(gòu)成的否定句。
Not all the books in our school library can be renewed .
B. 疑問(wèn)句。
○1 疑問(wèn)句提出問(wèn)題。英語(yǔ)中有四種疑問(wèn)句：一般疑問(wèn)句、特殊疑問(wèn)句、選擇疑問(wèn)句和反意疑問(wèn)句。
a．一般疑問(wèn)句：以一個(gè)助動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞、動(dòng)詞be或have開(kāi)始，語(yǔ)調(diào)為升調(diào)，通常要求以yes或no回答的疑問(wèn)句。
�。�1）一般疑問(wèn)句的基本結(jié)構(gòu)：
Be動(dòng)詞(is, am, are, was, were)+主語(yǔ)+表語(yǔ)…？
Have動(dòng)詞(表示"有"：have, has, had)+主語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)…？
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞(can, may, must等)+主語(yǔ)+行為動(dòng)詞或be…?
助動(dòng)詞(do, does, did)+主語(yǔ)+行為動(dòng)詞…？
助動(dòng)詞(shall, will, have, has)+主語(yǔ)+行為動(dòng)詞…？
（2）否定形式的疑問(wèn)句，通常把助動(dòng)詞與not縮寫(xiě)，放在句首。構(gòu)成回答：
Aren't you a student? Yes, I am .(不，我是) No, I am not .(對(duì)，我不是)
b．特殊疑問(wèn)句：以疑問(wèn)代詞who, what, whom, whose, which或疑問(wèn)副詞when, where, why, how開(kāi)頭。
�。�1）如果疑問(wèn)詞在句中作主語(yǔ)或其修飾主語(yǔ)時(shí)，其語(yǔ)序如陳述句。Who is on duty today ? / Which book is yours .
�。�2）如果疑問(wèn)詞在句中不作主語(yǔ)或其修飾主語(yǔ)，用"疑問(wèn)詞＋一般疑問(wèn)句"形式。Where have you been ?
c．選擇疑問(wèn)句：提出兩種或兩種以上的情況，供回答者選擇，并由or連用，但不能用Yes或no 來(lái)回答。
�。�1）疑問(wèn)句＋選擇成分1＋or＋選擇成分2？Do you want coffee or cocoa ? / Are you an Englishman or an American ?
�。�2）特殊問(wèn)句＋選擇答案1＋or＋選擇答案2？who runs fast, Tom , Mary or Li lei .
d．反意疑問(wèn)句：陳述部分＋提問(wèn)部分。
�。�1）◎前肯后否，前否后肯。 ◎前后人稱(chēng)、數(shù)和時(shí)態(tài)要一致，疑問(wèn)部分要用代詞。◎事實(shí)回答用Yes, 非事實(shí)回答用No . ◎前陳述句用降調(diào)，后問(wèn)句用升調(diào)；如對(duì)前陳述句內(nèi)容有把握，后問(wèn)句也可用降調(diào)。◎如果前面陳述句中有否定詞：hardly, little, few, never, rarely, nothing, none , nobody, not, no 等，后面疑問(wèn)句應(yīng)該用肯定式。
�。�2）陳述句中有：have to, had to, ought to, used to, don't(imperative), somebody / someone, everybody / everyone時(shí)，附加疑問(wèn)句需分別用：don't, didn't, shouldn't, usedn't / didn't, will, they等。
My grandma used to be a teacher, usedn't / didn't she ? Don't turn on the TV set, will you ?
�。�3）陳述句部分是復(fù)合句時(shí)，提問(wèn)部分的主語(yǔ)和助動(dòng)詞要與主句一致。He was reading when the teacher came in, wasn't he ?
�。�4）在"I think(guess, suppose, believe)+賓語(yǔ)從句"中，當(dāng)主語(yǔ)是第一人稱(chēng)時(shí)，附加疑問(wèn)句的主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)應(yīng)與后面賓語(yǔ)從句相一致；但若主語(yǔ)不是第一人稱(chēng)時(shí)，則附加問(wèn)句與前面主句一致。
I don't think he can pass the exam, can he ? He believed you had seen her before, didn't he ?
�。�5）在含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞must 的句子中，若must 表示推測(cè)，提問(wèn)用must后面的動(dòng)詞。若must表示有必要時(shí)，用needn't。若mustn't表示禁止時(shí)，提問(wèn)用must。
He must be tired, isn't he ？ You must go to Gaozhou, needn't ？ You mustn't smoke here, must you ?
（6）陳述句部分為祈使句，疑問(wèn)部分常用will you(表請(qǐng)求)。注：let's 用shall we（包括說(shuō)話人），let us 用will you（不包括說(shuō)話人）。Have a cup of tea, will you ? Let's go now, shall we ? Let us go now, will you ?
e．祈使句：可表示請(qǐng)求、命令、勸告、建議等。（省主語(yǔ)，動(dòng)詞用原形）
（1）let + 第一人稱(chēng)，第三人稱(chēng)＋（not）動(dòng)詞原形。Let me try again .
�。�2）動(dòng)詞原形＋其他成分。Listen to me carefully .
�。�3）Don't (never)+動(dòng)詞原形＋其他成分。Don't look out of the window .
�。�4）Do+動(dòng)詞原形＋其他成分。Do give him another chance .
f．感嘆句：表示喜怒哀樂(lè)等強(qiáng)烈感情，句尾用"！"。What 修飾名詞，how 修飾形容詞、副詞。
�。�1） How ＋ 形容詞 / 副詞。
◎ How + 形容詞 ＋ 主 ＋ 謂 ＋ ooo ！ How cold it is today ! How clever the boy is !
◎ How ＋ 副詞 ＋ 主 ＋ 謂 ＋ ooo ！ How fast she runs ! How hard the girls are working !
◎ How + 形容詞 ＋ a / an + 名詞 ＋ 主 ＋ 謂 ＋ ooo ！How clever a boy he is ! How funny an elephant it is !
�。�2）What + 名詞。
◎ What + a / an ＋ 形容詞 ＋ 可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)＋ 主 ＋ 謂 ＋ ooo ！ What a fine day it is today !
What an honest man his father is !
◎ What ＋ 形容詞 ＋ 可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù) ＋ 主 ＋ 謂 ＋ooo！What tall trees they are !What good students the boys are !
◎ What ＋ 形容詞 ＋ 不可數(shù)名詞 ＋ 主 ＋ 謂 ＋ ooo ！What cold water it is ! What delicious milk it is !
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