新一輪中考復(fù)習(xí)備考周期正式開始,中考網(wǎng)為各位初三考生整理了中考五大必考學(xué)科的知識(shí)點(diǎn),主要是對(duì)初中三年各學(xué)科知識(shí)點(diǎn)的梳理和細(xì)化,幫助各位考生理清知識(shí)脈絡(luò),熟悉答題思路,希望各位考生可以在考試中取得優(yōu)異成績(jī)!下面是《2018初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法之名詞性從句的用法》,僅供參考!
在句子中起名詞作用的句子叫名詞從句(Noun Clauses)。名詞從句的功能相當(dāng)于名詞詞組,它在復(fù)合句中能擔(dān)任主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、同位語(yǔ)、介詞賓語(yǔ)等,因此根據(jù)它在句中不同的語(yǔ)法功能,名詞從句又可分別稱為主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句。
一、引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的連接詞
引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的連接詞可分為三類:連詞:that(無(wú)任何詞意);whether,if(均表示“是否”表明從句內(nèi)容的不確定性);as if,as though(均表示“好像”,“似乎”)。
以上在從句中均不充當(dāng)任何成分
連接代詞:what,whatever,who,whoever,whom,whose,which.Whichever,whomever
連接副詞:when,where,how,why
不可省略的連詞:
1.介詞后的連詞
2.引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句的連詞不可省略。
That she was chosen made us very happy.
We heard the news that our team had won.
比較:
Whether與if均為"是否"的意思。但在下列情況下,whether不能被if取代:
1.Whether引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句并在句首;
2.引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句
3.Whether從句作介詞賓語(yǔ);
4.從句后有"or not"
Whether he will come is not clear.
大部分連接詞引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句都可以置于句末,用it充當(dāng)形式主語(yǔ)。
It is not important who will go.
It is still unknown which team will win the match.
二、具體分類
1.主語(yǔ)從句
作句子主語(yǔ)的從句叫主語(yǔ)從句。主語(yǔ)從句通常由從屬連詞that,whether,if和連接代詞what,who,which,whatever,whoever以及連接副詞how,when,where,why等詞引導(dǎo)。that在句中無(wú)詞義,只起連接作用;連接代詞和連接副詞在句中既保留自己的疑問(wèn)含義、又起連接作用,在從句中充當(dāng)從句的成分。例如:
What he wants to tell us is not clear.他要跟我們說(shuō)什么,還不清楚。
Who will win the match is still unknown.誰(shuí)能贏得這場(chǎng)比賽還不得而知。
It is known to us how he became a writer.我們都知道他是如何成為一名作家的。
Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced.英語(yǔ)晚會(huì)將在哪里舉行,還沒有宣布。
【典例1】(2009·上海卷)It is immediately clear ____ the financial crisis will soon be over.
A.since B.what C.when D.whether
【答案】D
【解析】考查主語(yǔ)從句的用法。該句的意思時(shí):經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)是否會(huì)很快結(jié)束是很明顯的事情。“是否”用whether表示,不能選when是因?yàn)閺木渲杏蓅oon這一實(shí)踐狀語(yǔ)。
【典例2】(2008·山東卷)_____ was most important to her,she told me,was her family.
A.It B.This C.What D.As
【答案】C
【解析】she told me是插入語(yǔ),可刪除。what引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句,在從句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)。
有時(shí)為避免句子頭重腳輕,常用形式主語(yǔ)it代替主語(yǔ)從句作形式主語(yǔ)放于句首,而把主語(yǔ)從句置于句末。主語(yǔ)從句后的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般用單數(shù)形式。常用句型如下:
。1)It+be+名詞+that從句
。2)It+be+形容詞+that從句
。3)It+be+動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞+that從句
。4)It+不及物動(dòng)詞+that從句
另注意在主語(yǔ)從句中用來(lái)表示驚奇、不相信、惋惜、理應(yīng)如此等語(yǔ)氣時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣“(should)+do”,常用的句型有:
It is necessary(important,natural,strange,etc.)that…
It is a pity(a shame,no wonder,etc.)that…
It is suggested(requested,proposed,desired,etc.)that…
【典例】(2009·天津卷)It is obvious to the students ______ they should get well prepared for their future.
A.as B.which C.whether D.that
【答案】D
【解析】考查名詞性從句。本空格處應(yīng)是一個(gè)主語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞,因該主語(yǔ)從句不缺成分,且句意完整,故應(yīng)用不作任何成分的連詞that。
2.賓語(yǔ)從句
名詞句用作賓語(yǔ)的從句叫賓語(yǔ)從句。引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞與引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句表語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞大致一樣,在句中可以作謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞或介詞及非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)。
。1)由連接詞that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句
由連接詞that引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí),that在句中不擔(dān)任任何成分,在口語(yǔ)或非正式的文體中常被省去,但如從句是并列句時(shí),第二個(gè)分句前的that不可省。例如:
He has told me that he will go to Shanghai tomorrow.他已經(jīng)告訴我他明天要去上海。
We must never think(that)we are good in everything while others are good in nothing.我們決不能認(rèn)為自己什么都好,別人什么都不好。
注意:在demand,order,suggest,decide,insist,desire,request,command等表示要求、命令、建議、決定等意義的動(dòng)詞后,賓語(yǔ)從句常用“(should)+動(dòng)詞原形”。例如:
I insist that she(should)do her work alone.我堅(jiān)持要她自己工作。
The commander ordered that troops(should)set off at once.司令員命令部隊(duì)馬上出發(fā)。
。2)用who,whom,which,whose,what,when,where,why,how,whoever,whatever,whichever等關(guān)聯(lián)詞引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句相當(dāng)于特殊疑問(wèn)句,應(yīng)注意句子語(yǔ)序要用陳述語(yǔ)序。例如:
I want to know what he has told you.我想知道他告訴了你什么。
She always thinks of how she can work well.她總是在想怎樣能把工作做好。
She will give whoever needs help a warm support.凡需要幫助的人,她都會(huì)給予熱情的支持。
【典例1】(2008·北京卷)The companies are working together to create _______ they hope will be the best means of transport in the 21st century.
A.which B.that C.what D.who
【答案】C
【解析】create后為賓語(yǔ)從句,從句中they hope是插入語(yǔ),可刪除。因?yàn)閺木渲腥鄙僦髡Z(yǔ),所以用what引導(dǎo)該從句。
【典例2】(2009·全國(guó)卷Ⅰ)Could I speak to is in charge of International Sales please?
A.who B.what C.whoever D.whatever
【答案】C
【解析】考查名詞性從句。題干中介詞to后面為賓語(yǔ)從句,從句中缺少主語(yǔ),因此填whoever。
(3)用whether或if引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句,其主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)的順序也不能顛倒,仍保持陳述句語(yǔ)序。此外,whether與if在作“是否”的意思講時(shí)在下列情況下一般只能用whether,不用if:
a.引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句并在句首時(shí);b.引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句時(shí);c.引導(dǎo)從句作介詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí);d.從句后有“or not”時(shí);e.后接動(dòng)詞不定式時(shí)。例如:
Whether there is life on the moon is an interesting question.月球上有沒有生命是個(gè)有趣的問(wèn)題。
The question is whether she should have a low opinion of the test?
Everything depends on whether we have enough money.一切要看我們是否有足夠的錢。
I wonder whether he will come or not.我想知道他來(lái)還是不來(lái)。
Can you tell me whether to go or to stay?你能否告訴我是去還是留?
。4)注意賓語(yǔ)從句中的時(shí)態(tài)呼應(yīng),當(dāng)主句動(dòng)詞是現(xiàn)在時(shí),從句根據(jù)自身的句子情況,而使用
不同時(shí)態(tài)。例如:
he studies English every day.(從句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí))
he studied English last term.(從句用一般過(guò)去時(shí))
I know(that)he will study English next year.(從句用一般將來(lái)時(shí))
he has studied English since 1998.(從句用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí))
當(dāng)主句動(dòng)詞是過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)(could,would除外),從句則要用相應(yīng)的過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài),如一般過(guò)去時(shí),過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí),過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)等;當(dāng)從句表示的是客觀真理,科學(xué)原理,自然現(xiàn)象,則從句仍用現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)。例如:
The teacher told us that Tom had left us for America.
。5)think,believe,imagine,suppose等等動(dòng)詞引起的否定性賓語(yǔ)從句中,要把上述主句中的動(dòng)詞變?yōu)榉穸ㄊ。即將從句中的否定形式移到主句中。例如?/div>
We don't think you are here.我們認(rèn)為你不在這。
I don't believe he will do so.我相信他不會(huì)這樣做。
3.表語(yǔ)從句
在句中作表語(yǔ)的從句叫表語(yǔ)從句。引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞與引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞大致一樣,表語(yǔ)從句位于連系動(dòng)詞后,有時(shí)用as if引導(dǎo)。其基本結(jié)構(gòu)為:主語(yǔ)+系動(dòng)詞+that從句。例如:
The fact is that we have lost the game.事實(shí)是我們已經(jīng)輸了這場(chǎng)比賽。
That's just what I want.這正是我想要的。
This is where our problem lies.這就是我們的問(wèn)題所在。
That is why he didn't come to the meeting.那就是他為什么不到會(huì)的原因。
It looks as if it is going to rain.看上去天要下雨了。
需要注意的,當(dāng)主語(yǔ)是reason時(shí),表語(yǔ)從句要用that引導(dǎo)而不是because。例如:
The reason why he was late was that he missed the train by one minute this morning.
【點(diǎn)撥】whether可引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句,但與之同義的if卻通常不用于引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句。
【典例1】(2009·山東卷)The little girl who got lost decided to remain ________she was and wait tor her mother.
A.where B.what C.how D.who
【答案】A
【解析】remain是系動(dòng)詞,后加表語(yǔ)從句,由句意可知,從句缺地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ),所以選A。
【典例2】(2008·天津卷)The last time we had grat fun was _______ we were visiting the Water Park.
A.where B.how C.when D.why
【答案】C
【解析】was后為表語(yǔ)從句,此處when與the last time相呼應(yīng),根據(jù)句意可排除其他選項(xiàng)。
4.同位語(yǔ)從句
同位語(yǔ)從句說(shuō)明其前面的名詞的具體內(nèi)容。同位語(yǔ)從句通常由that引導(dǎo),可用于同位語(yǔ)從句的名詞有advice,demand,doubt,fact,hope,idea,information,message,news,order,problem,promise,question,request,suggestion,truth,wish,word等。例如:
The news that we won the game is exciting.我們贏得這場(chǎng)比賽的消息令人激動(dòng)。
I have no idea when he will come back home.我不知道他什么時(shí)候回來(lái)。
The thought came to him that Mary had probably fallen ill.他想到可能瑪麗生病了。
【典例】(2009·重慶卷)We should consider the students'request ________ the school library provide more books on popular science.
A.that B.when C.which D.where
【答案】A
【解析】考查名詞性從句。根據(jù)題意知,空格處是同位語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞,修飾中心名詞request,且在句子中不充當(dāng)成分,故用that。這句話的意思是我們應(yīng)該考慮學(xué)生的這個(gè)要求,即學(xué)校圖書館應(yīng)該多提供一些大眾科學(xué)方面的書籍。
三、對(duì)比與用法
1.同位語(yǔ)從句和定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別:
that作為關(guān)系代詞,可以引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句,充當(dāng)句子成分,在從句中作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可以省略;that引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句時(shí),起連詞的作用,沒有實(shí)際意義,不充當(dāng)句子成分,一般不能省略。
試比較下面兩個(gè)例句:
I had no idea that you were here.(that引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句,不能省略)
Have you got the idea(that)this book gives you of life in ancient Greece?(that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句,作賓語(yǔ),可以省略)
2.that-從句作主語(yǔ)通常用it作先行詞,而將that-從句置于句末。
用it作形式主語(yǔ)的that-從句有以下四種不同的搭配關(guān)系:
a.It+be+形容詞+that-從句
It is necessary that…有必要……
It is important that…重要的是……
It is obvious that…很明顯……
b.It+be+-ed分詞+that-從句
It is believed that…人們相信……
It is known to all that…從所周知……
It has been decided that…已決定……
c.It+be+名詞+that-從句
It is common knowledge that………是常識(shí)
It is a surprise that…令人驚奇的是……
It is a fact that…事實(shí)是……
d.It+不及物動(dòng)詞+that-分句
It appears that…似乎……
It happens that…碰巧……
It occurred to me that…我突然想起……
It is quite clear that the whole project is doomed to failure.
很清楚,整個(gè)計(jì)劃注定要失敗。
It's a pity that you should have to leave.
你非走不可真是件憾事。
3.否定轉(zhuǎn)移
。1)將think,believe,suppose,expect,fancy,imagine等動(dòng)詞后面賓語(yǔ)從句的否定詞轉(zhuǎn)移到主句中,即主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用否定式,而從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用肯定式。
I don't think I know you.我想我并不認(rèn)識(shí)你。
I don't believe he will come.我相信他不回來(lái)。
注意:若謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為hope,賓語(yǔ)從句中的否定詞不能轉(zhuǎn)移。
I hope you weren't ill.我想你沒有生病吧。
。2)將seem,appear等后的從句的否定轉(zhuǎn)移到前面。
It doesn't seem that they know where to go.
看來(lái)他們不知道往哪去。
It doesn't appear that we'll have a sunny day tomorrow.
看來(lái)我們明天不會(huì)碰上好天氣。
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