專題六 動(dòng)詞的分類
一、動(dòng)詞概述及分類
根據(jù)其句法功能，動(dòng)詞可以分為四大類，列表如下。
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動(dòng)
詞
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1、實(shí)義動(dòng)詞（行為動(dòng)詞）
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及物動(dòng)詞
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+賓語，構(gòu)成主謂賓句型
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+雙賓語，構(gòu)成主謂雙賓句型
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+復(fù)合賓語，構(gòu)成主位復(fù)賓句型
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不及物動(dòng)詞
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2、連系動(dòng)詞
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be, seem, look, sound, smell, turn, get, become等+表語，構(gòu)成主系表句型
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3、助動(dòng)詞
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be
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+doing，構(gòu)成進(jìn)行時(shí)
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+done，構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語態(tài)
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have
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+done，構(gòu)成完成時(shí)態(tài)
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+been doing，構(gòu)成完成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)
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肯定式do（does，did）；
否定式：don’t（doesn’t，didn’t）
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幫助行為動(dòng)詞的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、一般過去時(shí)構(gòu)成疑問句；
幫助行為動(dòng)詞的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、一般過去時(shí)構(gòu)成否定與
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will, shall, should, would
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+動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成將來時(shí)
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4、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞
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can, may, must, might, could等
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后接動(dòng)詞原形一起構(gòu)成謂語
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二、實(shí)義動(dòng)詞及用法
實(shí)義動(dòng)詞也叫行為動(dòng)詞，是四類動(dòng)詞中唯一能獨(dú)立作謂語的一類動(dòng)詞。根據(jù)其句法功能可以分為及物動(dòng)詞和不及物動(dòng)詞兩類。
1、及物動(dòng)詞
及物動(dòng)詞本身意義不夠完整，需要后接賓語才能使其意思完整。
1)動(dòng)詞+賓語，構(gòu)成主謂賓句型。
例如：Could you please clean the blackboard? 請(qǐng)你擦黑板好嗎?
We learn English every day. 我們每天學(xué)習(xí)英語。
2)動(dòng)詞+直接賓語+to/for+間接賓語 / 動(dòng)詞+間接賓語+直接賓語，構(gòu)成主謂雙賓句型。有的動(dòng)詞必須在后面帶表示人的間接賓語和表示物的直接賓語，即兩個(gè)賓語才能表達(dá)完整的意思。
例如：Who teaches you English? 誰教你們英語?
Please pass me the book.= Please pass the book to me.請(qǐng)把那本書遞給我。
My mother bought me a snow globe on my birthday.
= My mother bought a snow globe for me on my birthday.
我過生日時(shí)我媽買給我一個(gè)雪球。
常見的帶雙賓語的動(dòng)詞有：pass, give, bring, buy, get, leave, lend, make, cook, teach, tell, write, read, return, ask, show等。
3)動(dòng)詞+賓語+賓語補(bǔ)足語，構(gòu)成主謂復(fù)賓句型。有的動(dòng)詞必須在賓語后再加上形容詞、副詞、名詞、不定式、-ing形式、介詞短語等做賓語補(bǔ)足語，構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語，句子意思才能夠表達(dá)完整。
例如：Please keep the door open. 請(qǐng)讓門開著。(形容詞open做賓補(bǔ))
I often see the children play in the park。我經(jīng)�？匆姾⒆觽�?cè)诠珗@里玩。(不帶to的不定式play做賓補(bǔ)).
You can call me Mrs Jones.你們可以稱呼我瓊斯夫人。(名詞Mrs Jones做賓補(bǔ))
動(dòng)詞see, hear, watch, make, let, have, notice, find等經(jīng)常以動(dòng)詞不定式或-ing形式做賓補(bǔ)。
2、不及物動(dòng)詞
1)不及物動(dòng)詞自身意思完整，無需再接賓語。
例如：Horses run fast。馬兒跑得快。
He sings well. 他唱得好。
2)很多不及物動(dòng)詞也可以用作及物動(dòng)詞，還有的不及物動(dòng)詞后帶上某個(gè)介詞就成了帶賓語的及物動(dòng)詞。
例如：They are reading. 他們?cè)诶首x。(read為不及物動(dòng)詞)
They are reading English. 他們?cè)诶首x英語。(read為及物動(dòng)詞)
He is waiting at the bus stop.他在公交車站等。(wait為不及物動(dòng)詞)
He is waiting for me at the bus stop.他在公交車站等我。(wait for為及物動(dòng)詞，帶me做賓語)
三、連系動(dòng)詞
連系動(dòng)詞本身有詞義，但不能單獨(dú)作謂語，必須和其后面的表語一起構(gòu)成合成謂語，說明主語的性質(zhì)、特征、狀態(tài)或身份。
常見的連系動(dòng)詞有be， become(變得、成為)， get(變得)， look(看起來)，seem(似乎、好像)，turn(變得)，sound(聽起來)，smell(聞起來)，taste(嘗起來)，feel(摸起來)等。除be以外的連系動(dòng)詞大多數(shù)時(shí)候是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞，他們用作連系動(dòng)詞時(shí)多數(shù)沒有進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)，也沒有被動(dòng)語態(tài)。
例如：He is angry.他生氣了。
He got angry at the news.聽到這個(gè)消息他生氣了。
That sounds good.那聽起來不錯(cuò)。
Trees turn green when spring comes.春天來臨，樹葉轉(zhuǎn)綠。
China is getting stronger and stronger.中國(guó)正變得越來越強(qiáng)大。
四、助動(dòng)詞
助動(dòng)詞本身沒有詞義或意思不完整，不能單獨(dú)作謂語。它們的主要作用是幫助構(gòu)成時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)、疑問句或否定句等。
1、助動(dòng)詞be(am, is, are, was, were)
1) be+doing(現(xiàn)在分詞), 構(gòu)成進(jìn)行時(shí)
例如：They are listening to music.他們?cè)诼犚魳贰?be的現(xiàn)在時(shí)形式幫助構(gòu)成現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí))
They were walking down the street when the UFO landed.(be的過去時(shí)形式幫助構(gòu)成過去進(jìn)行時(shí))
2)be+done(及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞), 構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語態(tài)
例如：The light bulb was invented by Thomas Edison.電燈泡是由托馬斯.愛迪生發(fā)明的。(be的過去時(shí)形式幫助構(gòu)成過去時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài))
The classroom is cleaned every day.教室每天打掃。(be的現(xiàn)在時(shí)形式幫助構(gòu)成現(xiàn)在時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài))
The problem will be solved next week.這個(gè)問題將在下周得到解決。(be的將來時(shí)形式幫助構(gòu)成將來時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài))
2、have (has, had)
1)have/has/had+done(動(dòng)詞的過去分詞)，構(gòu)成完成時(shí)態(tài)。
例如：They have already done their homework.他們已經(jīng)完成作業(yè)。(have+過去分詞構(gòu)成現(xiàn)在完成時(shí))
He hasn’t come yet.他還沒有回來。(has+過去分詞構(gòu)成現(xiàn)在完成時(shí))
The bus had gone when I got to the bus stop.我到達(dá)車站時(shí)公交車已經(jīng)離開。(had+過去分詞構(gòu)成過去完成時(shí))
2)have/has/had+been+doing(動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞)，構(gòu)成完成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)。
例如：How long have you been collecting shells?你收集貝殼有多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間了?
He has been studying English since five years ago.他從5年前開始就一直在學(xué)習(xí)英語。
3、助動(dòng)詞do/ does/ did
助動(dòng)詞do/ does/ did主要幫助構(gòu)成疑問句，也可用于倒裝句、強(qiáng)調(diào)句或代替上文提到過的行為等。他們的否定式don’t/ doesn’t/ didn’t幫助構(gòu)成否定句。
例如：Does he often play sports after school?他經(jīng)常放學(xué)后做運(yùn)動(dòng)嗎?
We don’t speak Japanese.我們不說日語。
Did they visit the Palace Museum on their last day off?他們上個(gè)休息日參觀故宮了嗎?
She didn’t watch TV yesterday evening.她昨晚上沒看電視。
4、助動(dòng)詞will, shall, would, should
助動(dòng)詞will, shall主要用于構(gòu)成一般將來時(shí)，其中will可用于各人稱，而shall一般只用于第一人稱。would，should是will，shall的過去式，可以用于構(gòu)成過去將來時(shí)，但很多時(shí)候被用作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。
例如：There will be more trees and less pollution in the future.將來會(huì)有更多的樹木，更少的污染。(幫助構(gòu)成一般將來時(shí))
Shall we go to the park on the weekend?我們周末去公園好嗎?(一般將來時(shí)，用于提出建議)
They said they would come the next day.他們說他們第二天來。(幫助構(gòu)成過去將來時(shí))
Would you mind my turning down the radio?你介意我關(guān)小收音機(jī)嗎?(用于禮貌地提出建議)
You should lie down and rest. 你應(yīng)該躺下休息。(用于提供建議)
5、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞can, may, must, might, could等
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞具有一定的詞義，用以表達(dá)說話人的態(tài)度或情感，必須和后面的實(shí)義動(dòng)詞一起構(gòu)成合成謂語。(請(qǐng)?jiān)斠妼ｎ}七 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞)
實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練(2×30) 計(jì)分:
1 Good news, boys! There is going to ______ a basketball match next week.
A. have B. has C. be
2 Kangkang hardly has lunch at school on Sunday, ________?
A. does he B. has he C. doesn’t he
3 You had a good time during the May Day holiday, _______ you?
A. hadn’t B. didn’t C. haven’t
4 ---She’s back from Australia, _________ she? ---Yes, she came back last night.
A. wasn’t B. hasn’t C. isn’t
5 Linda, please ______ these flowers ______ the classroom.
A. bring; in B. take; in C. take; to
6 ---Would you mind turning down the TV? ---________.
A. Yes, I would mind B. No, I didn’t C. No, not at all
7 ---How long _______ you _______ this TV set? ---For five years.
A. did; buy B. have; had C. were; buying
8 She has finished her homework, ________?
A. hasn’t she B. does she C. has she
9 This week, the weather___ to change every day: One day is hot, the next is cold.
A. seems B. looks C. sounds
10 I told my mother I wasn’t worried about my exam. But in fact, I _____.
A. did B. was C. have
11 ---When ______ your mother _______ you that blue dress , Mary?
---Sorry , I really can’t remember.
A. does; buy B has; bought C. did; buy
12 ---You seem to know much about the city. ---That’s true . I ____ it three times .
A. visited B. had visited C. have visited
13 Hi, Mr.Smith . I didn’t know you were in New York. How long ____ here ?
A. have you come B. were you C. have you been
14 Time goes by fast. We must never miss the chance to show love to our parents and make them ___how much they mean to us.
A. to know B. knowing C. know
15 ----It’s a secret between us . Don’t tell anybody ! ----- Sure,_____.
A I, do B I, won’t C I will
16 ---Excuse me. You shouldn’t smoke here. Look at the sign “NO SMOKING HERE”.
---Sorry, I ________ it.
A. doesn’t see B. haven’t seen C. didn’t see
17 There _______ a lot of changes here since 1980.
A. have been B. have had C. will be
18 The car doesn’t work. What ______ we _______?
A. do; do B. are; doing C. shall; do
19 I love to go to the seaside in summer. It _______ good to lie in the sun or swim in the water.
A. does B. feels C. gets
20 He told me he ______ care of my child while I ______ away.
A. will take; am B. took; was C. would take; was
21 Jean wants to go to China but she ______ money.
A. doesn’t have B. doesn’t have no C. does have
22 In our school library there ______ a number of books on science and the number of them _______ growing larger and larger.
A. is; are B. are; is C. has; is
23 Will you please ______ me your math book this afternoon?
A. lending B. lend C. to lend
24 ---Do you plant trees in spring? ---Yes. Many trees _______ in our city every year.
A. are planting B. are planted C. were planted
25 Now Chinese is becoming more and more popular. It ____ in many schools around the world.
A. teaches B. is teaching C. is taught
26 ---Do you know the Winter Olympic Games?
---Sure. Once the Winter Olympics _______ the White Olympics.
A. call B. called C. was called
27 Children should _____ not to break the traffic rules.
A. tell B. be telling C. be told
28 ---What’s wrong with you, Sandy? You look so worried.
---My pet cat _______ by a car this afternoon. And it is in hospital now.
A. is hit B. was hit C. hit
29 ---Mum, can I go skating now? ---Well, you may go after your homework_______.
A. has finished B. will finish C. is finished
30 We are often told ______ at people who are in trouble.
A. not to smile B. to smile C. not to laugh
1-5 CABBC 6-10 CBAAB 11-15 CCCCB 16-20 CACBC
21-25 ABBBC 26-30 CCBCC
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動(dòng)
詞
|
1、實(shí)義動(dòng)詞（行為動(dòng)詞）
|
及物動(dòng)詞
|
+賓語，構(gòu)成主謂賓句型
|
|
+雙賓語，構(gòu)成主謂雙賓句型
|
|
+復(fù)合賓語，構(gòu)成主位復(fù)賓句型
|
|
不及物動(dòng)詞
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2、連系動(dòng)詞
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be, seem, look, sound, smell, turn, get, become等+表語，構(gòu)成主系表句型
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3、助動(dòng)詞
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be
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+doing，構(gòu)成進(jìn)行時(shí)
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+done，構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語態(tài)
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have
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+done，構(gòu)成完成時(shí)態(tài)
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+been doing，構(gòu)成完成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)
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肯定式do（does，did）；
否定式：don’t（doesn’t，didn’t）
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幫助行為動(dòng)詞的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、一般過去時(shí)構(gòu)成疑問句；
幫助行為動(dòng)詞的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、一般過去時(shí)構(gòu)成否定與
|
|
will, shall, should, would
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+動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成將來時(shí)
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4、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞
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can, may, must, might, could等
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后接動(dòng)詞原形一起構(gòu)成謂語
|
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動(dòng)
詞
|
1、實(shí)義動(dòng)詞（行為動(dòng)詞）
|
及物動(dòng)詞
|
+賓語，構(gòu)成主謂賓句型
|
|
+雙賓語，構(gòu)成主謂雙賓句型
|
|
+復(fù)合賓語，構(gòu)成主位復(fù)賓句型
|
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不及物動(dòng)詞
|
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2、連系動(dòng)詞
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be, seem, look, sound, smell, turn, get, become等+表語，構(gòu)成主系表句型
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3、助動(dòng)詞
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be
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+doing，構(gòu)成進(jìn)行時(shí)
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+done，構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語態(tài)
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have
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+done，構(gòu)成完成時(shí)態(tài)
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+been doing，構(gòu)成完成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)
|
|
肯定式do（does，did）；
否定式：don’t（doesn’t，didn’t）
|
幫助行為動(dòng)詞的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、一般過去時(shí)構(gòu)成疑問句；
幫助行為動(dòng)詞的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、一般過去時(shí)構(gòu)成否定與
|
|
will, shall, should, would
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+動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成將來時(shí)
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4、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞
|
can, may, must, might, could等
|
后接動(dòng)詞原形一起構(gòu)成謂語
|
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