初中語法各種時態(tài)總結(jié)

一般現(xiàn)在時

一. 一般現(xiàn)在時有三種形式

謂語是be(am/is/are)的一般現(xiàn)在時。

①肯定形式：主語+be+表語(形容詞、名詞充當(dāng)表語)。

I am hungry.

You are beautiful.

He is a doctor.

②否定形式：主語+be+not+表語(形容詞、名詞充當(dāng)表語)。

I am not hungry.

You aren't beautiful.

He isn't a doctor.

③一般疑問句形式：Be+主語+表語(形容詞、名詞充當(dāng)表語)?

肯定回答：Yes,主語+be. 否定回答：No, 主語+ be+not.

—Are you hungry?

—Yes，I am./No,I'm not.

—Is he a doctor?

—Yes, he is./No, he isn,t.

④特殊疑問句形式：特殊疑問詞+Be開頭的一般疑問句?

—What is he?

—He is a doctor.

注意：be要隨著主語變。

謂語動詞是實義動詞(及物動詞或不及物動詞)的一般現(xiàn)在時。

①肯定形式：“主語+及物動詞+賓語”或“主語+不及物動詞”。

She has a little brother.

The sun rises in the east.

②否定形式：“主語+don't/doesn't+及物動詞+賓語”或“主語+don't/doesn't+不及物動詞”。

She doesn't have a little brother.

I don't eat every morning.

③一般疑問句形式：“Do/Does+主語+及物動詞原形+賓語”或“Do/Does+主語+不及物動詞原形”。

肯定回答：Yes,主語+do/does. 否定回答是：No, 主語+ don't/doesn't.

—Do you eat every morning?

—Yes, I do./No, I don't.

—Does she have a little brother?

—Yes, she does./No, she doesn't.

④特殊疑問句：特殊疑問詞+do/does開頭的一般疑問句?

What do you like?

When do you go to school?

注意：根據(jù)主語確定用do還是does。

謂語是情態(tài)動詞can/may...+動詞原形的一般現(xiàn)在時。

①肯定形式：主語+情態(tài)動詞can/may.....+動詞原形+賓語。

I can finish my homework.

②否定形式：主語+情態(tài)動詞can/may.....+not+動詞原形+賓語。

I can't finish my homework.

③一般疑問句形式：情態(tài)動詞Can/May.....+主語+動詞原形+主語+賓語。

肯定回答是：Yes,主語+情態(tài)動詞. 否定回答是：No, 主語+ 情態(tài)動詞+not.

—Can you finish your homework?

—Yes，I can./No, I can't.

④特殊疑問句形式：特殊疑問詞+情態(tài)動詞can/may.....開頭的一般疑問句?

—What can you do?

—I can do my homework.

注意：情態(tài)動詞can/may.....+動詞原形。

一般現(xiàn)在時的用法

一般現(xiàn)在時表示現(xiàn)在的狀態(tài) ;表示經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動作;表示主語具備的性格和能力;表示客觀事實或普遍真理等。

He is twelve.

I go to school at seven every day.

They can speak Japanese.

一般現(xiàn)在時常和表示時間的頻度副詞連用。如：often, usually, sometimes, always, never等。

I often read books in the evening.

Do they usually go to school by bike?

He doesn’t like milk. He never drinks it.

Sometimes my mother gets back at five.

一般現(xiàn)在時也常和以下時間表達(dá)法連用。如：in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening, at noon, at night, every day, on Sunday(s), at seven 等。

Do they have math in the morning?

She sleeps nine hours every night.

It takes me two hours to do my homework every day.

They don’t have classes on Sundays.

一般現(xiàn)在時表示將來含義

下列瞬時動詞come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般現(xiàn)在時可以表示將來，主要用來表示在時間上已確定或安排好的事情。

例如：The train leaves at six tomorrow morning.

----When does the bus star? ----It stars in ten minutes.

在主從復(fù)合句中，當(dāng)主句是一般將來時，時間或條件狀語從句的謂語動詞只能用一般現(xiàn)在時來表示將來要發(fā)生的動作，即所謂的“主將從現(xiàn)”

例如：When Bill comes (不是will come), ask him to wait for me. 。

I'll write to you as soon as I arrive there.

三. 動詞第三人稱單數(shù)的構(gòu)成

動詞原形后面直接加-s

look—looks　read—reads　play—plays　　　 　stop—stops

在以字母s, x,ch,sh,o結(jié)尾的動詞后加-es

miss—misses　　fix—fixes　 watch—watches　 wash—washesgo—goes　　　do—does

輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的動詞變y為i，再加-es

carry–carries study–studies　hurry–hurries　cry–cries

特殊變化

have-has

be-is

 

一般過去時

一般過去時的基本結(jié)構(gòu)

肯定句形式：主語+動詞過去式+其他

I was an English teacher one year ago.

I bought a yellow dress yesterday afternoon.

否定句形式：①was/were+not; ②在行為動詞前加didn't，同時還原行為動詞

I wasn't an English teacher one year ago.

I didn't buy a yellow dress yesterday afternoon.

一般疑問句：①was/were提到句首; ②Did+主語+動詞原形+其他?

Were you an English teacher one year ago?

Did you buy a yellow dress yesterday afternoon?

特殊疑問句：特殊疑問詞+一般疑問句

What were you one year ago?

When did you buy a yellow dress?

一般過去時的基本用法

表示在過去某個時間所發(fā)生的動作或所處的狀態(tài)(與現(xiàn)在無關(guān)).常與yesterday, last week, in 1989, just now, a moment ago, the other day等過去具體時間狀語連用。

He was here just now. What did you do yesterday?

在過去一段時間內(nèi)的經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性動作。

We often played together when we were children.

注：表示過去經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動作還可用used to 和would。

He used to smoke a lot, but he doesn’t now.

Whenever we were in trouble, he would help us.

表示主語過去的特征或性格。

At that time she was very good at English. 那時她英語學(xué)得很好。

一般過去時有時可以表示現(xiàn)在，多與 want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等動詞連用，使語氣更委婉。

I wondered if you could help me.

有時用一般過去時也是時態(tài)一致的需要。

I didn’t know you were here.

6.【注意】

(1)表示一系列的動作，盡管有先后，都用一般過去時，最后兩個動詞之間用and連結(jié)。

He opened the door, rushed out and then disappeared.

(2)注意在語境中理解“我剛才/原來還不……”。

——Your phone number again? I didn’t quite catch it.

動詞過去式的變化規(guī)則

規(guī)則變化

①一般情況下，直接加ed

work—— worked look——looked walk——walked

②以e結(jié)尾的單詞，直接加d

live ——lived hope——hoped use——used

③以輔音字母+y結(jié)尾的，變y為i加ed

study——studied carry——carried

④以元音字母+y結(jié)尾的，直接加ed

enjoy ——enjoyed 　play——played

⑤以重讀、一個輔音字母結(jié)尾的閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾的動詞，雙寫最后的輔音字母+ed

stop—— stoppedplan——plannedprefer——preferred

一般將來時

一般將來時的含義

一般將來時表示將來某個時間要發(fā)生的動作或狀態(tài)，或?qū)�來�?jīng)常發(fā)生的動作或狀態(tài)。

一般將來時的基本結(jié)構(gòu)

will/shall+動詞原形

will 在陳述句中用于各種人稱;shall用于第一人稱，常被will 所代替。

I will/shall do a better job next time.

Oil and water will not mix

否定式：will not=won't;shall not=shan't

一般疑問式：will/shall+主語+動詞原形+其他?

—Will he help you with your English tonight?

—Yes, he will./No, he won't.

特殊疑問式：特殊疑問詞+一般疑問式?

—When will you arrive for America? —Tomorrow.

am/is/are going to +動詞原形

He is going to spend his holidays in London.

Look at the dark clouds. There is going to be a storm.

否定式：am/is/are not going to +動詞原形

一般疑問式：am/is/are +主語+ going to + 動詞原形+其他?

Is he going to collect any data for us?

特殊疑問式：特殊疑問詞+一般疑問式?

What are you going to do tomorrow?

一般將來時的用法

will+動詞原形與am/is/are going to +動詞原形的用法雖然都表示將來發(fā)生動作或情況，一般情況下能互換。但它們的用法是有區(qū)別的。

will主要用于在以下三個方面：

(1)表示主觀意愿的將來。

They will go to visit the factory tomorrow.

I’ll come with Wang Bing, Liu Tao and Yang Ling.

(2)表示不以人的意志為轉(zhuǎn)移的客觀的將來。

Today is Saturday. Tomorrow will be Sunday.

He will be thirty years old this time next year.

(3)表示臨時決定，通常用于對話中。

—Mary has been ill for a week.

—Oh, I didn't know. I will go and see her.

be going to主要用于一下兩個方面：

(1)表示事先經(jīng)過考慮、安排好打算、計劃要做某事。

Dad and I are going to watch an opera this afternoon.

(2)表示根據(jù)目前某種跡象判斷，某事非常有可能發(fā)生，表示推測。

Look! There come the dark clouds. It is going to rain.

用其他時態(tài)表示將來含義的情況

用現(xiàn)在進行時表示將來。

瞬時動詞和持續(xù)動詞都可以用其現(xiàn)在進行時表達(dá)將來的含義，主要表示按規(guī)定或時間預(yù)計要發(fā)生的事。(瞬時動詞的進行時任何時候都表示將來的含義，持續(xù)動詞的進行時只有在含有將來的時間狀語或?qū)�來語境的條件下才表示將來)

The bus is coming.

The students are leaving on Sunday.

We’re having a party next week.

用一般現(xiàn)在時表示將來。

(1)come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return等瞬時位移動詞的一般現(xiàn)在時可以表示將來含義，主要用來表示在時間上已確定或安排好的事情。

The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. 火車明天上午六點開。

(2)在時間或條件狀語從句中。(主將從現(xiàn))

I'll write to you as soon as I arrive there.

If it doesn't rain tomorrow, we will have a party in the park.

There be結(jié)構(gòu)的一般將來時

肯定式：There will be;There is/are going to be

否定式：There won't be;There is/are not going to be

一般疑問式：Will there be...;Is/are there going to be...

特殊疑問式：特殊疑問詞+一般疑問式

There will be a basketball match this afternoon.

=There is going to be a basketball match this afternoon.

There won't be a basketball match this afternoon.

=There isn't going to be a basketball match this afternoon.

Will there be a basketball match this afternoon?

=Is there going to be a basketball match this afternoon?

When will there be a basketball match?

=When is there going to be a basketball match?

現(xiàn)在進行時的基本結(jié)構(gòu)

肯定式：am/is/are+doing(現(xiàn)在分詞)

They’re having a meeting now.

否定式：am/is/are not +doing(現(xiàn)在分詞)

They aren't having a meeting now.

一般疑問式：Am/Is/Are + 主語 +doing(現(xiàn)在分詞)+ 其他

Are they having a meeting now?

特殊疑問式：特殊疑問詞+一般疑問式

What are they doing now?

現(xiàn)在進行時

現(xiàn)在進行時的基本用法

表示此時此刻正在發(fā)生的事情。常與now，at the moment，look，listen等詞連用。

The little boy is watching TV now. 這個小男孩現(xiàn)在正在看電視。

Listen!She is playing the guitar in the next room. 聽!她正在隔壁房間彈吉他。

表示現(xiàn)階段一直在進行著或是重復(fù)發(fā)生著的動作，不強調(diào)此時此刻正在做。常與表示時間段的時間狀語連用。

I am studying computer this term. 這個學(xué)期我一直在學(xué)習(xí)計算機。

表示說話人褒義或貶義的情感色彩，如贊許、批評、喜歡、厭惡等。此時常與alway、often等頻度副詞連用。

He is always thinking of others , not of himself. 他總是為他人著想，而不為自己。(表示贊許)

One of my roommates is often leaving things about. 我的一個室友經(jīng)常亂扔?xùn)|西。(表示不滿)

表示在近期按計劃或安排要發(fā)生的動作。(現(xiàn)在進行時表示一般將來的含義。)

① 瞬時動詞的進行時在任何情況下都表示將來含義。這些動詞包括go , come , leave，arrive , return等。

I am leaving.

I am leaving tomorrow.

② 持續(xù)動詞的進行時，只有在有將來時間狀語或?qū)�來語境的情況下才可以表示將來含義。

An American professor is giving a lecture this afternoon.

An American professor is giving a lecture.

現(xiàn)在分詞(doing)的變化規(guī)則

一般在情況下，在動詞詞尾加-ing。

go——goingplay——playingknow——knowing

以不發(fā)音的字母e結(jié)尾動詞，先去e再加-ing。

make——makingarrive——arrivingcome——coming

以重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾，且動詞詞尾只有一個輔音字母時，先雙寫這個輔音字母，再加-ing。

run——running stop——stoppingswim——swimming

put——putting sit——sitting dig——digging

begin——beginning plan——planningcut——cutting

get——getting chat——chatting regret——regretting

以-ie結(jié)尾，先將-ie改成y，再加-ing。

tie——tyingdie——dyinglie——lying

過去進行時

過去進行時，是表示過去某個時刻或時間段正在進行的事情或動作。

二. 結(jié)構(gòu)

過去進行時謂語動詞結(jié)構(gòu)：was/were +doing (現(xiàn)在分詞)

三. 用法

過去進行時表示過去某段時間內(nèi)持續(xù)進行的動作或者事情。

常用的時間狀語this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, while等。

We were watching TV from seven to nine last night.

What was he researching all day last Sunday?

My brother fell and hurt himself while he was riding his bicycle.

It was raining when they left the station.

When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining.

過去進行時可以表示在過去某個時間點發(fā)生的事情。

時間點可以用介詞短語、副詞或從句來表示。

What was she doing at nine o'clock yesterday?

She was doing her homework then.

When I saw him he was decorating his room.

在復(fù)合句中，如果主要動作和背景動作都是延續(xù)的或同時發(fā)生的，那么主從句的動詞都可用過去進行時。

When he was waiting for the bus, he was reading a newspaper. (兩個動作都是延續(xù)的)

He was cleaning his car while I was cooking.

現(xiàn)在完成時

基本結(jié)構(gòu)

肯定句：主語+have/has+動詞的過去分詞+其他

否定句：主語+have/has+not+動詞的過去分詞+其他

一般疑問句：Have/Has+主語+動詞的過去分詞+其他

特殊疑問句：特殊疑問詞+一般疑問句(have/has+主語+過去分詞+其他)

現(xiàn)在完成時的用法

現(xiàn)在完成時用來表示過去已經(jīng)完成的動作對現(xiàn)在造成影響或后果。也就是說，動作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生在過去但它的影響現(xiàn)在還存在，強調(diào)的是現(xiàn)在。

I have already posted the photo.

與此種用法連用的時間狀語時一些模糊的過去時間狀語，如already(肯定句句中), yet(否定句/疑問句句尾), just, before, recently,still, lately,never等。

現(xiàn)在完成時也可用來表示動作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生在過去某一時刻，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在并且有可能會繼續(xù)持續(xù)下去。

He has lived here since 1978.

此種用法常與for(+時間段),since(+時間點或過去時的句子)連用。謂語動詞必須是延續(xù)性動詞。

有些瞬間動詞可變?yōu)檠永m(xù)動詞：

go out----be out 　　finish----be over 　　open----be open

die----be dead 　　buy---have 　　fall ill---be ill

come back----be back 　　catch a cold----have a cold

過去完成時

概念與結(jié)構(gòu)

概念：表示在過去某一時間或動作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成了的動作，即“過去的過去( past-in-the-past )”。

構(gòu)成：“助動詞 had + 過去分詞”，其中 had 通用于各種人稱。

They had already had breakfast before they arrived at the hotel.在到達(dá)旅館之前，他們已經(jīng)吃過了早飯。

She had finished writing the composition by 10：00 this morning. 今天早晨10點之前，她已經(jīng)寫完了作文。

二. 過去完成時的用法

用法1. 表示一個動作或狀態(tài)在過去某一時間或動作之前已經(jīng)完成或結(jié)束，即發(fā)生在“過去的過去”。

When I woke up, it had stopped raining.

用法2. 表示某一動作或狀態(tài)在過去某時之前已經(jīng)開始，一直延續(xù)到這一過去時間，而且動作尚未結(jié)束，仍然有繼續(xù)下去的可能。

By the end of last year, he had worked in the factory for twenty years.

三. 過去完成時的判斷依據(jù)

由時間狀語來判定

一般說來，各種時態(tài)都有特定的時間狀語。與過去完成時連用的時間狀語有：

(1)by + 過去的時間點

I had finished reading the novel by nine o'clock last night.

(2)by the end of + 過去的時間點，

We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term.

(3)before + 過去的時間點，

They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday.

由“過去的過去”來判定

過去完成時表示“過去的過去”，是指在過去某一動作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成的動作，即動作有先后關(guān)系，動作在前的用過去完成時，在后的用一般過去時。這種用法常出現(xiàn)在：

(1)賓語從句中

當(dāng)賓語從句的主句為一般過去時，且從句的動作先于主句的動作時，從句要用過去完成時。

She said that she had seen the film before.

(2)狀語從句中

在時間、條件、原因、方式等狀語從句中，主、從句的動作發(fā)生有先后關(guān)系，動作在前的，要用過去完成時，動作在后的要用一般過去時。

When I got to the station, the train had already left.

注意： before, after 引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句中，由于 before 和 after 本身已表達(dá)了動作的先后關(guān)系，若主、從句表示的動作緊密相連，則主、從句都用一般過去時。例如：

Where did you study before you came here?

After he closed the door, he left the classroom.

(3)表示意向的動詞，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用過去完成時表示"原本…，未能…"，例如：

We had thought that you would come, but you didn't.

根據(jù)上、下文來判定

I met Wang Tao in the street yesterday. We hadn't seen each other since he went to Beijing.

過去將來時

含義

表示在過去某個時間看來將要發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。過去將來時常用于賓語從句中。

I didn’t know if he would come.

They never knew that population would become a big problem.

She didn’t tell me where she would go.

Betty said she would visit the Great Wall next Saturday.

二. 過去將來時的結(jié)構(gòu)及用法

1.“would+動詞原形”常表示主觀意愿的將來。

He said he would come to see me.

He told me he would go to Beijing.

2.“was/ were+going to+動詞原形”常表示按計劃或安排即將發(fā)生的事。

She said she was going to start off at once.

I was told that he was going to return home.

此結(jié)構(gòu)還可表示根據(jù)某種跡象來看，很可能或即將發(fā)生的事情。

It seemed as if it was going to rain.

come， go， leave， arrive， start等瞬時動詞動詞可用過去進行時表示過去將來的含義。

He said the train was leaving at six the next morning.

She told me she was coming to see me.

條件狀語從句和時間狀語從句中須用一般過去時代替過去將來時。

The teacher said that it would be very difficult to make progress if I didn’t work hard.

三. 過去將來時典型錯誤例析

我們不知道他是否要在會上發(fā)言。

誤：We didn’t know whether he is going to speak at the meeting.

正：We didn’t know whether he was going to speak at the meeting.

析：該句主句為過去時，且賓語從句表示從過去某個時間看來將要發(fā)生的動作，所以從句要用過去將來時態(tài)。

老師問湯姆長大后準(zhǔn)備干什么。

誤：The teacher asked Tom what he was going to be when he would grow up.

正：The teacher asked Tom what he was going to be when he grew up.

析：在時間狀語從句中，常用一般過去時表示在過去看來將要發(fā)生的動作。

他們說如果下星期天不下雨他們就去農(nóng)場。

誤：They said that they were going to the farm if it would not rain the next Sunday.

正：They said that they were going to the farm if it didn’t rain the next Sunday.

析：在條件狀語從句中，也常用一般過去時表示在過去看來將要發(fā)生的動作。

王林打電話告訴她媽媽，她要買一些書。

誤：Wang Lin rang up to tell her mother that she should buy some books.

正：Wang Lin rang up to tell her mother that she would buy some books.

析：過去將來時可以由“助動詞should/would+動詞原形”構(gòu)成，但should一般只用于第一人稱。而would可用于各種人稱。

參考答案:1—5BABDB6—10CDDBA11—15BBCCD16—20CBDCC

參考答案:21-25BDDDA26—30BCBAD31—35BCCCD36—40BDACB

參考答案:41-45BDCAC46—50BDDCA51—55DACBB56—60CCDCD

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