來(lái)源:網(wǎng)絡(luò)資源 2022-11-17 12:17:18
一、基本概念
1.定語(yǔ):修飾、限定、說(shuō)明名詞或代詞的句子成分。
比如:a handsome boy, 那么我們這邊的handsome 就是用來(lái)修飾名詞boy的,所以handsome這個(gè)詞是定語(yǔ)
記憶:定語(yǔ)是修飾名詞或代詞的詞、短語(yǔ)或句子。
也就是定語(yǔ)它只圍繞著名詞或代詞轉(zhuǎn)。
2.定語(yǔ)從句(relative clause):修飾名詞或代詞的句子(用一個(gè)句子來(lái)充當(dāng)定語(yǔ))。
比如:He is a boywho is handsome.
這邊的who is handsome 就是定語(yǔ)從句,當(dāng)然這個(gè)句子沒有任何意義,如果出現(xiàn)寫作中,我們會(huì)認(rèn)為這是一個(gè)湊數(shù)的定語(yǔ)從句,像這樣的簡(jiǎn)單表達(dá)我們直接用handsome形容詞做定語(yǔ)即可(可能學(xué)生在寫作中會(huì)寫出這樣完全沒有營(yíng)養(yǎng)的定語(yǔ)從句)。
I used to live in the housewhich was surrounded by flowers and birds. 像這樣的句子就一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的句子來(lái)表示,所以我們會(huì)認(rèn)為這是一個(gè)恰當(dāng)好處的定語(yǔ)從句。
注意:到了系統(tǒng)的學(xué)了非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之后,這個(gè)句子也可以用一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句表示
I used to live in the house surrounded by flowers and birds.
這里就是用非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞(過去分詞)做定語(yǔ)。
3.先行詞被修飾的詞
比如上文中的boy/house
注意:定語(yǔ)從句中的先行詞一般是名詞/代詞(大家在記單詞的時(shí)候,最好也記下單詞的詞性)
4.關(guān)系詞(引導(dǎo)詞)
引出定語(yǔ)從句的詞
如:上文中的who/which
那么定語(yǔ)從句中,最重要的就是掌握關(guān)系詞的用法
二、關(guān)系詞
1.關(guān)系代詞(代表先行詞,在從句中作一定的成分)
在把握具體關(guān)系代詞用法時(shí),首先了解定語(yǔ)從句中的主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)
I used to live in thehousewhich was surrounded by flowers and birds.
I used to live in thehousewhich my grandfather had lived in.
這兩個(gè)句子中的先行詞都是house,但是他們?cè)诙ㄕZ(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)?shù)某煞质遣灰粯拥摹?/p>
第一個(gè)句子Which was surrounded by flowers and birds. 這里的which其實(shí)就是指代前文中的house,在這個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句中The house was surrounded by flowers and birds. house 作主語(yǔ)。(一般來(lái)說(shuō)在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞前-句首,都是主語(yǔ),除去倒裝句)
第二個(gè)句子,我們?cè)谶原在,即 將The house my father had lived in. 修改成 My father had lived inthe house.
顯然,我們這里的house是作介詞in的賓語(yǔ)(如果對(duì)于賓語(yǔ)不熟悉,可以去看下賓語(yǔ)從句這篇文章)。
通常如果先行詞作賓語(yǔ)的話,我們的關(guān)系詞可以省略,即:
I used to live in the house my father had lived in.
所以,把握主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ),就能完美區(qū)分那些省略掉關(guān)系詞的定語(yǔ)從句。
1.1 who
一般而言,關(guān)系代詞為who時(shí),先行詞是人,可以作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)
I really admire those people who have acchievd great success.
I can't help those people who I hate. (賓語(yǔ))
1.2 whom 作賓語(yǔ)
I can't help those people whom I hate.
1.3 that 先行詞既可以是人,也可以是物,可以作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)
I really admire those people who have acchievd great success.
I can't help those people who I hate.
補(bǔ)充:He is the heroof whomwe are proud.
像這種如果有介詞的話,我們只能用whom,初中考察的比較少,了解即可
1.4 which 指代物 可作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)
I used to live in the house which was surrounded by flowers and birds
1.5 whose 指代人/物,作定語(yǔ)
I used live in the house whose wall was painted into green.
He is the hero whose father is our English teacher.
補(bǔ)充:
由于that和which,均可以修飾物,有些情況只用that,不用which(了解即可)
1.先行詞由all, much, little, few, something 等不定代詞修飾或先行詞本身是不定代詞
There isnothingthat we can do.
2.先行詞有the only, the same, the very等修飾時(shí)
This isthe onlymusic that I love.
3.先行詞有形容詞最高級(jí)、序數(shù)詞修飾時(shí)
This isthe bestfilm that I have ever seen.
4.先行詞既指人又指物
We talked aboutthe person and thingsthat we remembered.
如果考察的話,前面三種比較多(初中階段,平時(shí)模擬題會(huì)出現(xiàn))
2.關(guān)系副詞 作狀語(yǔ)
關(guān)系副詞一般在從句中作狀語(yǔ),也就是說(shuō)從句不缺主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)
2.1 when 先行詞表示時(shí)間
I will never forget the day when we stayed together.
比較:
I will never forget the day that/which we spent together.
問題:先行詞同樣是 the day,為什么一個(gè)用when,一個(gè)用that/which?
2.2 where 先行詞表地點(diǎn)
I will never forget the village where we stayed together.
比較:
I will never forget the village that/which is in the east of China.
問題:先行詞同樣是 the village,為什么一個(gè)用where,一個(gè)用that/which?
2.3 why 先行詞一般為the reason
Can you explain the reason why you are late again?
難點(diǎn):關(guān)系副詞和介詞+which替換
在上述句子中我們可以用相應(yīng)的介詞+which和關(guān)系副詞替換
一般而言why=for which
when=in/on...+which
where=in/on...+which
具體介詞選擇則取決于先行詞
I will never forget the village where(in which)we stayed together.
補(bǔ)充:
對(duì)于初中學(xué)生來(lái)說(shuō),定語(yǔ)從句難點(diǎn)在于關(guān)系副詞這塊,因?yàn)楹芏鄬W(xué)生區(qū)分不了到底是不是作狀語(yǔ)。一般而言,實(shí)際考察多半考察的都是關(guān)系代詞,所以關(guān)系代詞的用法一定搞清楚,如果實(shí)在不知道填什么,那就填that,填that的正確率要高些
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