現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果或表示過(guò)去的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在。
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的構(gòu)成
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的構(gòu)成形式是“have / has +過(guò)去分詞”�，F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)常被稱為“與現(xiàn)在有聯(lián)系的過(guò)去”，因此它不能與明確的過(guò)去時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。
Someone has broken the window.
有人把窗戶打破了。
I haven't seen much of her lately.
我最近不常見到她。
How long have they been married?
他們結(jié)婚多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間了?
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的用法
①表示結(jié)果的現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)著眼于過(guò)去的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果或影響。這是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的“已完成”用法，表示動(dòng)作或過(guò)程發(fā)生在說(shuō)話之前就已完成，并與現(xiàn)在有聯(lián)系。這種聯(lián)系實(shí)際上就是“過(guò)去的動(dòng)作”對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響或產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果。
I have bought a pen.
我買了一支筆。(結(jié)果：I have a pen now.)
The temperature has increased by 10℃.
溫度上升了10攝氏度。(結(jié)果：It is quite hot now.)
Air pollution has taken the lives of many people.
空氣污染已經(jīng)奪去了很多人的生命。(結(jié)果：Air pollution is very serious now.)
注意：
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的上下文所指的時(shí)態(tài)必須呼應(yīng)。
【誤】I have bought a pen but I have lost it now.(have bought表示你現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)有筆了，這和后面的have lost有矛盾)
【正】I bought a pen but I have lost it now.
我(過(guò)去)買了一支筆，但我已經(jīng)把它丟了。
【誤】I have lost my pen but I have found it now.(have lost強(qiáng)調(diào)你現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)沒有筆了，與后面have found的意思有沖突)
【正】I lost my pen but I have found it now.
我丟了一支筆，但現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)找到了。
②表示經(jīng)歷的現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)
強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻到說(shuō)話時(shí)這段時(shí)間中的經(jīng)歷。
Have you ever been to the Great Wall?
你去過(guò)長(zhǎng)城嗎?
I have visited Beijing at least ten times.
北京我至少訪問過(guò)十次了。
She has never spent a holiday at the seaside.
她從未到海濱度過(guò)假。
③表示延續(xù)的現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)
這是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的“未完成”用法，表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)從過(guò)去某時(shí)開始，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，可能要繼續(xù)下去。
He's loved fishing for a long time.
他愛好釣魚為時(shí)已久。(他現(xiàn)在仍愛好釣魚)
I have lived here for more than thirty years.
我已在這兒住了三十多年了。(也許還會(huì)繼續(xù)住下去)
注意：
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的“未完成”用法既可用于動(dòng)態(tài)動(dòng)詞(主要是持續(xù)動(dòng)詞)，也可用于狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞，但它一般不適用于表示短暫動(dòng)作或位置轉(zhuǎn)移的動(dòng)詞，如：open, break, go, come, arrive, leave等。如用這類動(dòng)詞表示“未完成”，通常只限于否定結(jié)構(gòu)。
I haven't seen a film for weeks.
我已經(jīng)好幾個(gè)星期沒看電影了。
She hasn't written to me since September.
自從9月份以來(lái)她還沒給我寫過(guò)信呢。
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)
①與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)“已完成”用法連用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生在現(xiàn)在時(shí)間以前的某個(gè)未明確指出的過(guò)去時(shí)間內(nèi)，和它連用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)要與現(xiàn)在時(shí)間有關(guān)，不能是明確地表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。
a.不確定的過(guò)去時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：already, yet, before, recently, lately等
I've seen the film before.
我以前看過(guò)這部電影。
Have you been there lately?
近來(lái)你去過(guò)那里嗎?
b.頻度時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：often, sometimes, ever, never, once, rarely等
We have never heard of that.
我們從未聽說(shuō)過(guò)這事。
He has sometimes played tennis.
他有時(shí)打網(wǎng)球。
Big Ben has rarely gone wrong.
大本鐘很少出差錯(cuò)。
c.包含現(xiàn)在時(shí)間在內(nèi)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：now, just, today, this morning, this week, this year等
I have just finished the letter now.
我現(xiàn)在剛寫完信。
You have just missed the bus.
你剛好錯(cuò)過(guò)公共汽車。
Has he done much work today?
他今天做了很多工作嗎?
比較：already和yet用法上的區(qū)別
already常用于肯定句，置于句中。yet常用于否定句和疑問句，置于句末。但already有時(shí)也可用在疑問句中暗示驚訝的心情。
She has already gone.
她早就走了。
Have you eaten your dinner already?
你已經(jīng)吃過(guò)飯了?
He has not come yet.
他還沒有來(lái)。
②與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)“未完成”用法連用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)
與“已完成”用法一樣，表示具體的過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)不能與“未完成”用法連用。與其連用的往往是指一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)以具體表示某一動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)持續(xù)了多久。
a. since +具體時(shí)間，表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)從何時(shí)開始
Since then, he has developed another bad habit.
自那以后他養(yǎng)成了另一個(gè)壞習(xí)慣。
He hasn't been home since he graduated.
他畢業(yè)后就沒回過(guò)家。
b. for +一段時(shí)間，表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)持續(xù)了多久
We have worked here for ages.
我們?cè)谶@里工作很久了。
There has been no rain here for nearly two months.
這里已經(jīng)近兩個(gè)月沒有下雨了。
c. until now, up till now, so far, up to the moment
到目前為止
I have not seen him so far.
到目前為止我沒見過(guò)他。
Up to the present, everything has been OK.
到目前為止一切正常。
d. in/during the past/last five years
在剛剛過(guò)去的5年里
He has been away from school during the last few weeks.
過(guò)去的幾個(gè)星期里他沒在學(xué)校。
In the past few years they have dealt with quite a few international corporations successfully. 在過(guò)去的幾年中他們已經(jīng)和好幾家跨國(guó)公司做成了生意。
e. all the while, all day一直，一整天
She has been busy all day.
她忙了一整天。
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和一般過(guò)去時(shí)的區(qū)別
①兩者都可表示過(guò)去發(fā)生過(guò)的動(dòng)作，但前者表示的是過(guò)去的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，而后者則只是表示過(guò)去有這一動(dòng)作的事實(shí)。
He locked the door.
他鎖過(guò)門。(但現(xiàn)在門是開是鎖不清楚。)
He has locked the door.
他把門鎖上了。(現(xiàn)在門是鎖著的。)
Who turned on the light?
誰(shuí)開的燈?(著眼開燈的動(dòng)作，不管現(xiàn)在燈是開是關(guān)。)
Who has turned on the light?
誰(shuí)把燈打開了?(著眼開燈的結(jié)果，即現(xiàn)在燈還亮著。)
②兩者都可表示過(guò)去開始并延續(xù)了一段時(shí)間的動(dòng)作，現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示該動(dòng)作仍在繼續(xù)，而一般過(guò)去時(shí)則說(shuō)明該動(dòng)作現(xiàn)已終止。
He has lived in Beijing for four years.
他在北京住了四年了。(現(xiàn)在仍住那兒)
He lived in Beijing for four years.
他曾在北京住了四年。(現(xiàn)在不住那兒了)
歡迎使用手機(jī)、平板等移動(dòng)設(shè)備訪問中考網(wǎng)，2024中考一路陪伴同行！>>點(diǎn)擊查看
