來(lái)源:網(wǎng)絡(luò)資源 2023-07-12 21:17:53
一、過(guò)去完成時(shí)的概念與結(jié)構(gòu)
概念:
表示在過(guò)去某一時(shí)間或動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成了的動(dòng)作,即“過(guò)去的過(guò)去(past-in-the-past )”。
構(gòu)成:
“助動(dòng)詞had + 過(guò)去分詞”,其中had 通用于各種人稱。
They had already had breakfast before they arrived at the hotel.在到達(dá)旅館之前,他們已經(jīng)吃過(guò)了早飯。
She had finished writing the composition by 10:00 this morning.今天早晨10點(diǎn)之前,她已經(jīng)寫完了作文。
二、過(guò)去完成時(shí)的用法
用法1.
表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)在過(guò)去某一時(shí)間或動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)完成或結(jié)束,即發(fā)生在“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”。例如:
When I woke up, it had stopped raining.
我醒來(lái)時(shí),雨已經(jīng)停了。(雨停發(fā)生在醒來(lái)之前,即“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”)
用法2.
表示某一動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)在過(guò)去某時(shí)之前已經(jīng)開(kāi)始,一直延續(xù)到這一過(guò)去時(shí)間,而且動(dòng)作尚未結(jié)束,仍然有繼續(xù)下去的可能。例如:
By the end of last year, he had worked in the factory for twenty years. 到去年年底為止,他已經(jīng)在這個(gè)工廠工作了20年。(到去年年底為止已工作了20 年,還有繼續(xù)進(jìn)行下去的可能)
三、過(guò)去完成時(shí)的判斷依據(jù)
1. 由時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)來(lái)判定
一般說(shuō)來(lái),各種時(shí)態(tài)都有特定的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。與過(guò)去完成時(shí)連用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有:
(1)by + 過(guò)去的時(shí)間點(diǎn),例如:
I had finished reading the novel by nine o'clock last night.
到昨天晚上九點(diǎn)鐘為止,我已經(jīng)讀完了這本小說(shuō)。
(2)by the end of + 過(guò)去的時(shí)間點(diǎn),例如:
We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term.
到上學(xué)期末為止,我們已經(jīng)學(xué)了兩千多單詞。
(3)before + 過(guò)去的時(shí)間點(diǎn),例如:
They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday.
在上周三之前,他們已經(jīng)植了六百棵樹(shù)。
2. 由“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”來(lái)判定
過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”,是指在過(guò)去某一動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成的動(dòng)作,即動(dòng)作有先后關(guān)系,動(dòng)作在前的用過(guò)去完成時(shí),在后的用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。這種用法常出現(xiàn)在:
(1)賓語(yǔ)從句中
當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)從句的主句為一般過(guò)去時(shí),且從句的動(dòng)作先于主句的動(dòng)作時(shí),從句要用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。例如:
She said that she had seen the film before.
她說(shuō)她之前看過(guò)這部電影。
(2)狀語(yǔ)從句中
在時(shí)間、條件、原因、方式等狀語(yǔ)從句中,主、從句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生有先后關(guān)系,動(dòng)作在前的,要用過(guò)去完成時(shí),動(dòng)作在后的要用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。例如:
When I got to the station, the train had already left.
當(dāng)我到達(dá)車站的時(shí)候,火車已經(jīng)離開(kāi)了。
注意:before, after 引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中,由于before 和after 本身已表達(dá)了動(dòng)作的先后關(guān)系,若主、從句表示的動(dòng)作緊密相連,則主、從句都用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。例如:
Where did you study before you came here?
在你來(lái)這里之前,你在哪里學(xué)習(xí)?
After he closed the door, he left the classroom.
他關(guān)上門后,離開(kāi)了教室。
(3)表示意向的動(dòng)詞,如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等,用過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示"原本…,未能…",例如:
We had thought that you would come, but you didn't.
我原認(rèn)為你會(huì)來(lái)的,但是你沒(méi)有。
3. 根據(jù)上、下文來(lái)判定
I met Wang Tao in the street yesterday. We hadn't seen each other since he went to Beijing.
昨天我在街上遇到了王濤。自從他去了北京我們一直還沒(méi)有見(jiàn)過(guò)彼此。
四、過(guò)去完成時(shí)與一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的區(qū)別
雖然這兩種時(shí)態(tài)都表示過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài),但在使用時(shí)應(yīng)注意以下兩點(diǎn):
1. 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)不同,過(guò)去完成時(shí)在時(shí)間上強(qiáng)調(diào)“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”;而一般過(guò)去時(shí)只強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)去某一特定的時(shí)間。試比較:
They had arrived at the station by ten yesterday.
到昨天十點(diǎn)為止,他們已經(jīng)到達(dá)了車站。
They arrived at the station at ten yesterday.
他們?cè)谧蛱焓c(diǎn)的時(shí)候到達(dá)車站。
2. 在沒(méi)有明確的過(guò)去時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)作標(biāo)志時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間先后須依據(jù)上下文來(lái)判斷,先發(fā)生的用過(guò)去完成時(shí),后發(fā)生的則用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。例如:
She was very happy. Her whole family were pleased with her, too. She had just won the first in the composition competition.
她很高興。她的全家對(duì)她也很滿意。她剛剛在作文比賽中得了第一。
習(xí)題練習(xí)
Thevolunteers________alotofwastebottlesonthebeachbytheendofthetourismfestival.( )
A.willcollect
B.havecollected
C.wascollecting
D.hadcollected
習(xí)題答案
解析:
旅游節(jié)結(jié)束時(shí),志愿者們?cè)诤┥鲜占舜罅康膹U瓶子.
根據(jù)句意"旅游節(jié)結(jié)束時(shí),志愿者們?cè)诤┥鲜占舜罅康膹U瓶子."以及句中的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)by the end of the tourism festival 可知要用過(guò)去完成時(shí).A一般將來(lái)時(shí).B是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí).C是過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí).D是過(guò)去完成時(shí).
故選:D.
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