一、過去完成時(shí)的概念與結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)
1)概念：過去完成時(shí)表示在過去某一時(shí)間或動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成了的動(dòng)作，即“過去的過去(past-in-the-past)”。
----|-------------------------- |-------------------------------|-----------------------|------->
?______________ 過去 現(xiàn)在 將來(lái)
2)構(gòu)成：過去完成時(shí)由“助動(dòng)詞had +過去分詞”構(gòu)成，其中had通用于各種人稱。
They had already had breakfast before they arrived at the hotel.
She had finished writing the composition by 10：00 this morning.
二、過去完成時(shí)的判斷依據(jù)
1)由時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)來(lái)判定
一般說(shuō)來(lái)，各種時(shí)態(tài)都有特定的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。與過去完成時(shí)連用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有：
(1)by +過去的時(shí)間點(diǎn)。如：
I had finished reading the novel by nine o'clock last night.
(2)by the end of +過去的時(shí)間點(diǎn)。如：
We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term.
(3)before +過去的時(shí)間點(diǎn)。如：
They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday.
2)由“過去的過去”來(lái)判定。
過去完成時(shí)表示“過去的過去”，是指過去某一動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成的動(dòng)作，即動(dòng)作有先后關(guān)系，動(dòng)作在前的用過去完成時(shí)，在后的用一般過去時(shí)。這種用法常出現(xiàn)在：
(1)賓語(yǔ)從句中
當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)從句的主句為一般過去時(shí)，且從句的動(dòng)作先于主句的動(dòng)作時(shí)，從句要用過去完成時(shí)。在told, said, knew, heard, thought等動(dòng)詞后的賓語(yǔ)從句。如：
She said that she had seen the film before.
(2)狀語(yǔ)從句中
在時(shí)間、條件、原因、方式等狀語(yǔ)從句中，主、從句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生有先后關(guān)系，動(dòng)作在前的，要用過去完成時(shí)，動(dòng)作在后的要用一般過去時(shí)。如：
When I got to the station, the train had already left.
After he had finished his homework, he went to bed.
注意：before, after引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中，由于before和after本身已表達(dá)了動(dòng)作的先后關(guān)系，若主、從句表示的動(dòng)作緊密相連，則主、從句都用一般過去時(shí)。如：
Where did you study before you came here?
After he closed the door, he left the classroom.
(3)表示意向的動(dòng)詞，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用過去完成時(shí)表示"原本…，未能…" We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.
三、過去完成時(shí)的主要用法
1)過去完成時(shí)表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)在過去某一時(shí)間或動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)完成或結(jié)束，即發(fā)生在“過去的過去”。如：
When I woke up, it had stopped raining.
我醒來(lái)時(shí)，雨已經(jīng)停了。(主句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在“過去的過去”)
2)過去完成時(shí)是一個(gè)相對(duì)的時(shí)態(tài)，表示的是“過去的過去”，只有和過去某一時(shí)間或某一動(dòng)作相比較時(shí)才使用它。如：
He told me that he had written a new book. (had written發(fā)生在told之前)
3)過去完成時(shí)需要與一個(gè)表示過去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，它不能離開過去時(shí)間而獨(dú)立存在。此時(shí)多與already，yet，still，just，before，never等時(shí)間副詞及by，before，until等引導(dǎo)的短語(yǔ)或從句連用。如：
Before she came to China, Grace had taught English in a middle school for about five years.
Peter had collected more than 300 Chinese stamps by the time he was ten.
4)過去完成時(shí)表示某一動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)在過去某時(shí)之前已經(jīng)開始，一直延續(xù)到這一過去時(shí)間，而且動(dòng)作尚未結(jié)束，仍然有繼續(xù)下去的可能。如：
By the end of last year, he had worked in the factory for twenty years.(had worked已有了20年，還有繼續(xù)進(jìn)行下去的可能)
四、過去完成時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的區(qū)別
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過去，但側(cè)重對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果或造成的影響，與現(xiàn)在有關(guān)，其結(jié)構(gòu)為“助動(dòng)詞have (has) +過去分詞”;過去完成時(shí)則是一個(gè)相對(duì)的時(shí)態(tài)，它所表示的動(dòng)作不僅發(fā)生在過去，更強(qiáng)調(diào)“過去的過去”，只有和過去某時(shí)或某動(dòng)作相比較時(shí)，才用到它。
試比較：
I have learned 1000 English words so far.到目前為止我已經(jīng)學(xué)會(huì)了1000個(gè)英語(yǔ)單詞。
I had learned 1000 English words till then.到那時(shí)為止我已經(jīng)學(xué)會(huì)了1000個(gè)英語(yǔ)單詞。
— I'm sorry to keep you waiting.對(duì)不起，讓你久等了。
— Oh, not at all. I have been here only a few minutes.沒什么，我只等了幾分鐘。
(“等”的動(dòng)作從過去某一時(shí)間點(diǎn)持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在)
— John returned home yesterday.約翰昨天回到家的。
— Where had he been?他去哪兒了?
(答語(yǔ)中使用過去完成時(shí)是指約翰在returned home之前去了哪些地方，即“過去的過去”
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