2024年初中英語(yǔ)主要時(shí)態(tài)：過(guò)去完成時(shí)講解及練習(xí)

一. 過(guò)去完成時(shí)的概念與結(jié)構(gòu)

概念：表示在過(guò)去某一時(shí)間或動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成了的動(dòng)作，即“過(guò)去的過(guò)去( past-in-the-past )”。

構(gòu)成：“助動(dòng)詞 had + 過(guò)去分詞”，其中 had 通用于各種人稱。

They had already had breakfast before they arrived at the hotel.

在到達(dá)旅館之前，他們已經(jīng)吃過(guò)了早飯。

She had finished writing the composition by 10：00 this morning.

今天早晨10點(diǎn)之前，她已經(jīng)寫完了作文。

二. 過(guò)去完成時(shí)的用法

用法1. 表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)在過(guò)去某一時(shí)間或動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)完成或結(jié)束，即發(fā)生在“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”。例如：

When I woke up, it had stopped raining.

我醒來(lái)時(shí)，雨已經(jīng)停了。(雨停發(fā)生在醒來(lái)之前，即“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”)

用法2. 表示某一動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)在過(guò)去某時(shí)之前已經(jīng)開(kāi)始，一直延續(xù)到這一過(guò)去時(shí)間，而且動(dòng)作尚未結(jié)束，仍然有繼續(xù)下去的可能。例如：

By the end of last year, he had worked in the factory for twenty years.

到去年年底為止，他已經(jīng)在這個(gè)工廠工作了20年。( 到去年年底為止已工作了 20 年，還有繼續(xù)進(jìn)行下去的可能)

三. 過(guò)去完成時(shí)的判斷依據(jù)

1. 由時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)來(lái)判定

一般說(shuō)來(lái)，各種時(shí)態(tài)都有特定的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。與過(guò)去完成時(shí)連用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有：

(1)by + 過(guò)去的時(shí)間點(diǎn)，例如：

I had finished reading the novel by nine o'clock last night.

到昨天晚上九點(diǎn)鐘為止，我已經(jīng)讀完了這本小說(shuō)。

(2)by the end of + 過(guò)去的時(shí)間點(diǎn)，例如：

We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term.

到上學(xué)期末為止，我們已經(jīng)學(xué)了兩千多單詞。

(3)before + 過(guò)去的時(shí)間點(diǎn)，例如：

They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday.

在上周三之前，他們已經(jīng)植了六百棵樹(shù)。

2. 由“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”來(lái)判定

過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”，是指在過(guò)去某一動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成的動(dòng)作，即動(dòng)作有先后關(guān)系，動(dòng)作在前的用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，在后的用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。這種用法常出現(xiàn)在：

(1)賓語(yǔ)從句中

當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)從句的主句為一般過(guò)去時(shí)，且從句的動(dòng)作先于主句的動(dòng)作時(shí)，從句要用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。例如：

She said that she had seen the film before.

她說(shuō)她之前看過(guò)這部電影。

(2)狀語(yǔ)從句中

在時(shí)間、條件、原因、方式等狀語(yǔ)從句中，主、從句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生有先后關(guān)系，動(dòng)作在前的，要用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，動(dòng)作在后的要用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。例如：

When I got to the station, the train had already left.

當(dāng)我到達(dá)車站的時(shí)候，火車已經(jīng)離開(kāi)了。

注意：before, after 引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中，由于 before 和 after 本身已表達(dá)了動(dòng)作的先后關(guān)系，若主、從句表示的動(dòng)作緊密相連，則主、從句都用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。例如：

Where did you study before you came here?

在你來(lái)這里之前，你在哪里學(xué)習(xí)?

After he closed the door, he left the classroom.

他關(guān)上門后，離開(kāi)了教室。

(3)表示意向的動(dòng)詞，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示"原本…，未能…"，例如：

We had thought that you would come, but you didn't.

我原認(rèn)為你會(huì)來(lái)的，但是你沒(méi)有。

3. 根據(jù)上、下文來(lái)判定

I met Wang Tao in the street yesterday. We hadn't seen each other since he went to Beijing.

昨天我在街上遇到了王濤。自從他去了北京我們一直還沒(méi)有見(jiàn)過(guò)彼此。

四. 過(guò)去完成時(shí)與一般過(guò)去時(shí)的區(qū)別

雖然這兩種時(shí)態(tài)都表示過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)，但在使用時(shí)應(yīng)注意以下兩點(diǎn)：

1. 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)不同，過(guò)去完成時(shí)在時(shí)間上強(qiáng)調(diào)“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”;而一般過(guò)去時(shí)只強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)去某一特定的時(shí)間。試比較：

They had arrived at the station by ten yesterday.

到昨天十點(diǎn)為止，他們已經(jīng)到達(dá)了車站。

They arrived at the station at ten yesterday.

他們?cè)谧蛱焓�點(diǎn)的時(shí)候到達(dá)車站。

2. 在沒(méi)有明確的過(guò)去時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)作標(biāo)志時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間先后須依據(jù)上下文來(lái)判斷，先發(fā)生的用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，后發(fā)生的則用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。例如：

She was very happy. Her whole family were pleased with her, too. She had just won the first in the composition competition.

她很高興。她的全家對(duì)她也很滿意。她剛剛在作文比賽中得了第一。

五、練習(xí)及答案

【典型考例】John and I____ friends for eight years. We first got to know each other at a Christmas party. But we_____ each other a couple of times before that.

A. had been; have met B. have been; have met

C. had been; had met D. have been; had met

【析】正確答案是D。句意是：約翰和我是8年的朋友了。我們第一次是在一詞圣誕聚會(huì)上互相認(rèn)識(shí)的。但是這那之前我們就已經(jīng)碰過(guò)好幾次面了。第一句指從過(guò)去延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的狀況，應(yīng)使用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)“have(has)+過(guò)去分詞”，第二句表示在我們成為朋友之前過(guò)去的動(dòng)作，即“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”，應(yīng)使用過(guò)去完成時(shí)“had+過(guò)去分詞”，因此本題的正確答案為D。

一、填空

1. We _____________ (paint) the house before we ______________ (move) in.

2. That rich old man _____________ (make) a will before he _____________ (die).

3. They _____________ (study) the map of the country before they ________ (leave).

4. The robbers _____________ (run )away before the policemen _______ (arrive).

5. I __________ (turn) off all the lights before I ____________ (go) to bed.

6. Paul __________ (go) out with Jane after he __________ (make) a phone call.

7. Tom __________ (say) he ___________ (read) the book twice.

8. Our plan ____________ (fail ) because we _____________ (make) a bad mistake.

9. She told me she _________________(be) to Chongqing three times.

10.He said he _____________already_________(give) the book to the teacher.

11.When I ______________(get) at the station, the train ____________________(leave).

12.We _______________(learn) about 4000 English words by the end of last term.

13. I waited until he _______________(finish) his homework.

14. We were surprised at what she ________already ______(do)

二、選擇

1. I lost the book I________.

A.have bought B.bought C.had bought D.had been bought

2.The bus ______ when I arrived at the bus stop.

A.has gone B.went C.had gone D is going

3.Tom ____ of visiting his grandmother，but the bad weather made him change his mind.

A.has thought B.thought C.had thought D.had been thought

4.—Did you meet Tom at the airport?

—No，he ___ by the time I ___ there.

A.has left;got B.had left;arrived C.left;arrived D.left;had got

5.—Why didn't Tom attend the meeting yesterday?

—He ____ Beijing.

A.has gone to B.had gone to C.went to D.had been to

6.In this experiment, they are woken up several times during the night, and asked to report what they____.

A. had just been dreaming B. are just dreaming

C. have just been dreaming D. had just dreamt

7.Finally Mary was admitted by Beijing University，for which she___ five times.

A.had tried B.was trying C.has tried D.tried

8.—I have bought you the books you want.

—Oh，good，I was afraid you _______.

A.forgot B.forget C.had forgotten D.have forgotten

9. We ____five English songs by the end of last term.

A had learned B learned C have learned D will have learned

三、句型

1.He has collected over 300 Chinese stamps. Mike told us.(合并為一句)

Mike told us that he _______ ______ over 300 Chinese stamps.

2.What he did . We didn’t know (合并為一句)

We didn’t know what he _______ ______.

3.The plane set off. By the time we got to the airport. (合并為一句)

By the time we _____ to the airport, the plane ______ ______ off.

4.We didn’t know. He will come. (合并為一句)

We didn’t know he ______ ______.

5.(2019江蘇無(wú)錫)如果你能告訴我機(jī)器人已失控多久，那就太好了。

It would be great if you can tell me _______________________________

答案

一、1.had painted,moved;

2.had made, died;

3.had studied; left;

4.had run,arrived;

5.had turned, went;

6.went, had made;

7.said, had read;

8.failed, had made;

9.had been;

10.had, given;

11.got, had left;

12.had learned;

13.had finished;

14.had ,done

二、CBCBBDACA

三、1.had collected;

2.had done;

3.got, had set;

4.would come

5.how long the robot had been out of control

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